New paleogeographic and degassing parameters for long-term carbon cycle models

Long-term carbon cycle models are critical for understanding the levels and underlying controls of atmospheric CO2 over geological time-scales. We have refined the implementation of two important boundary conditions in carbon cycle models, namely consumption by silicate weathering and carbon degassing. Through the construction of continental flooding maps for the past 520 million years (Myrs), we have estimated exposed land area relative to the present-day (fA), and the fraction of exposed land area undergoing silicate weathering (fAW-fA). The latter is based on the amount of exposed land within the tropics (±10°) plus the northern/southern wet belts (40-50°N/S) relative to today, which are the prime regions for silicate weathering. We also evaluated climate gradients and potential weatherability by examining the distribution of climate-sensitive indicators. This is particularly important during and after Pangea formation, when we reduce fAW-fA during times when arid equatorial regions were present. We also estimated carbon degassing for the past 410 Myrs using subduction flux from full-plate models as a proxy. We then, for the first time, used the subduction flux to scale and normalize the arc-related zircon age distribution (arc-activity), which allows us to estimate carbon degassing in much deeper time. The effect of these refined modelling parameters for weathering and degassing was then tested in the GEOCARBSULF model, and the results are compared to other climate models and CO2 proxies. The use of arc-activity as a proxy for carbon degassing brings Mesozoic model estimates closer to CO2 proxy values but our models are highly sensitive to the definition of fAW-fA. Considering the land availability to weathering to only variations in tropical latitudes (corrected for arid regions) combined with our new degassing estimates leads to notably higher CO2 levels in the Mesozoic and a better fit with the CO2 proxies