3D (31) P MR spectroscopic imaging of the human brain at 3 T with a (31) P receive array: An assessment of (1) H decoupling, T(1) relaxation times, (1) H-(31) P nuclear Overhauser effects and NAD().

Item does not contain fulltext(31) P MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is a versatile technique to study phospholipid precursors and energy metabolism in the healthy and diseased human brain. However, mainly due to its low sensitivity, (31) P MRSI is currently limited to research purposes. To obtain 3D (31) P MRSI spectra with improved signal-to-noise ratio on clinical 3 T MR systems, we used a coil combination consisting of a dual-tuned birdcage transmit coil and a (31) P eight-channel phased-array receive insert. To further increase resolution and sensitivity we applied WALTZ4 (1) H decoupling and continuous wave nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) enhancement and acquired high-quality MRSI spectra with nominal voxel volumes of ~ 17.6 cm(3) (effective voxel volume ~ 51 cm(3) ) in a clinically relevant measurement time of ~ 13 minutes, without exceeding SAR limits. Steady-state NOE enhancements ranged from 15 ± 9% (γ-ATP) and 33 ± 3% (phosphocreatine) to 48 ± 11% (phosphoethanolamine). Because of these improvements, we resolved and detected all (31) P signals of metabolites that have also been reported for ultrahigh field strengths, including resonances for NAD(+) , NADH and extracellular inorganic phosphate. T(1) times of extracellular inorganic phosphate were longer than for intracellular inorganic phosphate (3.8 ± 1.4s vs 1.8 ± 0.65 seconds). A comparison of measured T(1) relaxation times and NOE enhancements at 3 T with published values between 1.5 and 9.4 T indicates that T(1) relaxation of (31) P metabolite spins in the human brain is dominated by dipolar relaxation for this field strength range. Even although intrinsic sensitivity is higher at ultrahigh fields, we demonstrate that at a clinical field strength of 3 T, similar (31) P MRSI information content can be obtained using a sophisticated coil design combined with (1) H decoupling and NOE enhancement