Immune Modulatory Potential of Anti-idiotype Antibodies as a Surrogate of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Antigen

ABSTRACT The immunoprophylactic potential of anti-idiotype (anti-id) foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) antigen (Ag) was evaluated in the calves. The idiotype antibodies (Ab1) were produced in experimental goats by injecting inactivated FMD virus. The Fab (fragment antigen binding) of Ab1 was injected into the layer birds to raise anti-id antibodies (Ab2). The Ab2 was purified from egg yolks. The Fab component of Ab2 was emulsified in Montanide (1:1) and used as a surrogate of FMD virus. The immune response to Montanide adjuvanted monovalent and trivalent anti-id FMD virus antigen was determined in mice. The comparative immune potentiation potentials of Montanide adjuvanted trivalent anti-id FMD virus antigen and trivalent FMD vaccine were determined in mice and calves. Montanide adjuvanted monovalent anti-id FMD virus antigens produced mean Ab titers of 78.80%, 81.30%, and 81.20% for serotypes A, Asia 1, and O, respectively, at 45 days postimmunization (p.i.) in mice. Montanide adjuvanted trivalent anti-id FMD Ag in mice produced the highest Ab titer, 81.60%, at day 45 compared to the 77.50% titer measured for Montanide adjuvanted FMD vaccine at day 45 p.i. A slow decrease of 1% to 2% was recorded for the Ab titer of Montanide adjuvanted trivalent anti-id FMD virus antigen in mice at day 60. In calves, the titer corresponding to the immune response seen with Montanide adjuvanted trivalent anti-id FMD virus antigen (80%) was persistent whereas the titer of Montanide adjuvanted FMD vaccine decreased to 74% at day 60 p.i. Anti-id FMD virus antigen induced a strong and persistent immunogenic response in terms of Ab titer compared to the inactivated virus vaccine. Anti-id FMD virus antigen may serve as a surrogate of FMD virus vaccine. IMPORTANCE Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious viral disease of animals. Multiple serotypes and antigenic variation in the viral genome are probably the factors that reduce control of the disease. Currently, the vaccines employed against FMD use killed virus. The inactivation or killing of the virus makes it less immunogenic and reduces its immunoprophylactic potential. To cope with this situation, the present study was designed, anti-idiotype FMD virus antigen was prepared, and the immunogenic potential of the antigen was compared to that of commercial killed-virus vaccines. The overall results showed that a persistent and strong immune response occurred with anti-idiotype FMD virus antigen. Thus, anti-idiotype FMD virus antigen may serve as a potential surrogate of FMD virus vaccines