Clinical aspects and risk factors of lupus nephritis: a retrospective study of 156 adult patients

Objective To analyze the clinical manifestations, laboratory indexes, disease activity, and pathological types of lupus nephritis (LN) in adult patients. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical manifestations, laboratory indexes, and pathological classifications of 156 adult patients first diagnosed with LN between July 2013 and November 2017. Patients were categorized according to the following criteria: active or inactive LN, LN with or without renal damage, and mild or severe LN. Results Immunoglobulin G and A levels, 24-hour proteinuria, and anti-dsDNA, anti-Sm, and anti-ribosomal P protein antibody positivity rates were all significantly increased in patients with active LN compared with inactive LN. Anti-dsDNA antibody positivity and 24-hour proteinuria were significantly increased, whereas hemoglobin, serum albumin, and C3 and C4 levels were significantly decreased in patients with LN and renal damage compared with those without renal damage. Anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm antibody positivity rates and 24-hour proteinuria were significantly increased, while hemoglobin, serum albumin, C3 and C4 levels, and estimated glomerular filtration rate were significantly decreased in patients with severe LN compared with patients with mild LN. Conclusions LN can display various clinical manifestations, laboratory indexes, levels of disease activity, and pathological types in adult patients