Haram Vaccination in the Prophet Muhammad’s Treatment Perspective

Vaccination has become a controversial discourse among Indonesian people, especially Muslims who have their own rules on the use of prohibited elements. The main reason for prohibiting vaccines is the hadith ‘Walātadāwaw bi ḥarām’. This study will analyze the understanding of the hadith by the ‘ilmuma‘ani alhadiṡ through textual, intertextual and contextual interpretation techniques, and using an integrative hadith approac