Judicial Power—Immigration-Style

Throughout this current global pandemic, but of course, even before, former President Trump advocated enacting restrictive immigration measures. Under his tenure, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) assumed enhanced judicial authority and issued decisions that often adversely affected noncitizens. However, in June 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down one of the DHS\u27s most well-known initiatives, which sought to end the \u27DACA\u27 program. The Court held that the agency could not do so arbitrarily and had to comply with the requirements set forth in the Administrative Procedure Act. Yet, there have been other areas where the DHS, particularly through its U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) office, has asserted its judicial power. The result has been a \u27turf battle\u27 with the Department of Justice (DOJ), which has historically housed the country\u27s immigration courts and their presiding judges. One key conflict between the USCIS and DOJ involves whether the latter\u27s immigration judges (IJs) can allow undocumented immigrants to apply for \u27U visas.\u27 This visa grants noncitizens the opportunity to remain in the country if they have been (1) victims of abuse and (2) helpful to law enforcement in a criminal investigation. The federal appeals courts are split on this question, with two circuits saying that the DOJ\u27s IJs have this power while two others have held that the USCIS has exclusive jurisdiction. The thesis here is that, as between the DOJ and USCIS, the DOJ\u27s IJs should and do possess such authority. But focusing on this U visa debate highlights a larger structural problem. Immigration adjudicators within both the USCIS and DOJ are, in theory, supposed to be free from political influence. In reality, though, because they serve at the pleasure of executive branch appointees, they must often act in a partisan fashion rather than in a judicious manner. What is left, therefore, is a system in need of reform. Building upon previous work, this Study urges the removal of immigration adjudication from the USCIS and DOJ, and creation of special Article 1 immigration courts to check presidential power and ensure that an especially vulnerable contingent of litigants has their rights safeguarded