Strategies for Keeping Cows and Calves Together on 104 European Dairy Farms – a Cross-Sectional Survey Study

Currently, dairy calves are most commonly separated from their dam within 24 hours after 28 birth. The interest for prolonged contact between dairy calves and lactating cows during early 29 life is increasing, but little is known about how farmers implement cow-calf contact. The aim 30 of this study was to identify which practices are currently used on European farms with cow-31 calf contact (CCC), and which management challenges these farmers face. We found that 32 cow-calf contact was practiced on a wide variety of farms, from small farms with outdoor 33 housing to large farms with technology intensive systems. The calves were reared together 34 with their dam, with foster cows, or using a combination of the two. It was also common to 35 manually milk feed the calves during parts of the milk period. How much time cows and 36 calves are kept together varied between farms, from 30 minutes per day to permanent contact 37 except at milking. Building constraints were often mentioned as a barrier for implementing 38 CCC. Many farmers reported stress-related behaviours when cows and calves were separated, 39 and some alleviating strategies, e.g. different types of gradual separation and weaning, were 40 identified. More research how to optimise weaning and separation practices, and to improve 41 indoor housing on cow-calf contact farms would be beneficial for this growing sector