First aid for injuries caused by agricultural machinery

Uvod: Kmetijstvo spada med nevarnejše gospodarske panoge, saj tekom opravljanja nastane veliko poškodb, ki terjajo tudi smrtne žrtve. Največ nezgod se zgodi med delom s traktorji, predvsem zaradi nepazljivosti upravljalca stroja, njegovega slabega psihofizičnega stanja in dotrajanosti kmetijskih strojev. Prva pomoč se običajno nudi ponesrečencu na kraju dogodka, pogosto jo izvedejo laiki po svojih zmožnostih. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je predstaviti najpogostejše poškodbe, ki nastanejo pri delu s kmetijskimi stroji in ukrepe prve pomoči. Metode dela: Uporabljena je bila deskriptivna metoda dela, s pregledom domače in tuje znanstvene in strokovne literature, ki smo jo pridobili s pomočjo podatkovnih baz Medline, CINAHL, PubMed in portala Digitalne knjižnice Univerze v Ljubljani. Za iskanje literature v slovenskem jeziku je bila uporabljena bibliografsko-kataložna baza podatkov COBISS. V podrobnejšo analizo smo vključili 60 virov literature. Večina uporabljene literature je mlajša od petih let, nekaj pa je je zaradi relevantnosti za obravnavano temo tudi starejše od desetih let. Rezultati: S pregledom literature smo ugotovili, da so najpogostejše poškodbe pri nesrečah s kmetijskimi stroji zlomi in zvini, raztrganine, zmečkanine in udarnine, poškodbe glave in hrbtenice, posledične krvavitve ter nezavest. Za varno obravnavo poškodovanca vedno pristopamo po znanem vrstnem redu: varnost, odzivnost poškodovanca, dihalna pot, dihanje in krvni obtok. Predstavili smo protokol obravnave International Trauma Life Suport in ukrepe prve pomoči pri vseh najpogostejših poškodbah. Razprava in zaključek: Prva pomoč je dolžnost vsakega posameznika, da v okviru svojih zmožnosti in znanja pomaga poškodovancu oziroma mu priskrbi strokovno zdravstveno oskrbo. V Sloveniji zaenkrat še nimamo programov, ki bi ozaveščali kmete in kmetovalce o (ne)varnosti na kmetiji in bi hkrati omogočali, da pridobijo ustrezno znanje o prvi pomoči. Priporočljivo je, da je na vsakem delovišču(kmetiji ali traktorju) nameščen ustrezen komplet prve pomoči. Za preprečevanje nesreč z delovnimi stroji morajo biti stroji tehnično izpravni, upoštevati se morajo varnostna priporočila, traktorji morajo biti opremljeni z varnostno kabino ali varnostnim lokom med njihovo uporabo pa mora biti nameščen varnostni pas. V prihodnje vidimo še veliko priložnosti za vključevanje medicinskih sester v ruralnem območju, predvsem pri prenosu znanja prve pomoči.Introduction: Agriculture belongs to more dangerous economic sectors because major injuries may occur that can be also fatal. Most accidents happen while working with tractors, especially due to the lack of attention of the operator, his/her poor psychophysical condition, and wear and tear of agricultural machinery. First aid is usually given to the victim at site and is performed by a nonprofessional according to his/her capabilities. Purpose: In the diploma thesis, we will present the most common injuries that occur while working with agricultural machinery, and first aid measures. Methods : We used a descriptive method by reviewing domestic and foreign scientific and professional literature that we acquired through Medline, CINAHL, Pub Med databases, and DiKUL portal. For the search of literature in Slovenian language, we used the COBISS database with bibliographic catalogues. We used 60 literature sources. The majority of the used literature is younger than five years. Due to relevance, some literature is older than ten years. Results: As the most common injuries in connection with agriculture, we exposed fractures and sprains, bleeding, tears, crushes and percussions, head and spine traumas, and unconsciousness. For the safely treatment, we need to follow order: danger, response, airway, breathing and circulation. By examining the literature, we determined, how to approach the victim, what our attention should be focused on and the method of examining the injured and what way they can be treated. Discussion and conclusion: First aid is the duty of each individual to help the injured within his/her capabilities and knowledge, or to ensure professional medical care. In Slovenia, we currently do not have programs to raise farmer’s awareness about dangers of a farm and to simultaneously enable them to acquire suitable knowledge on first aid. It is advisable that every working site (farm or a tractor) includes a first aid kit. For the prevention of accidents with working machines, these must be technically functional, safety recommendations must be adhered to, tractors must be equipped with a safety booth or safety arch, and during its use, the safety belt must be fastened. We see many opportunities to involve nurses in rural areas, especially for the transfer of first aid skills