Observed (1970–1999) climate variability in Central America using a high-resolution meteorological dataset with implication to climate change studies

High spatial resolution of precipitation (P) and average air temperature (Tavg) datasets are ideal for determining the spatial patterns associated with large-scale atmospheric and oceanic indexes, and climate change and variability studies, however such datasets are not usually available. Those datasets are particularly important for Central America because they allow the conception of climate variability and climate change studies in a region of high climatic heterogeneity and at the same time aid the decisionmaking process at the local scale (municipalities and districts). Tavg data from stations and complementary gridded datasets at 50 km resolution were used to generate a high-resolution (5 km grid) dataset for Central America from 1970 to 1999. A highresolution P dataset was used along with the new Tavg dataset to study climate variability and a climate change application. Consistently with other studies, it was found that the 1970-1999 trends in P are generally non-significant, with the exception of a few small locations. In the case of Tavg, there were significant warming trends in most of Central America, and cooling trends in Honduras and northern Panama. When the sea surface temperature anomalies between the Tropical Pacific and the Tropical Atlantic have different (same) sign, they are a good indicator of the sign of P (Tavg)International Climate Initiative of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment//ICI/AlemaniaNature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety/[CASCADE project (‘Ecosystem-based Adaptation for Smallholder Subsistence and Coffee Farming Communi- ties in Central America’)]/BMUB/AlemaniaConsejo Superior de Universidades de Centro América/[805-A9-224]/CSUCA/Consejo Superior de Universidades de Centro América/[B4-227]/CSUCA/Consejo Superior de Universidades de Centro América/[A9-532]/CSUCA-ASDI/Universidad de Costa Rica/[B3-600]/UCR/Costa RicaUniversidad de Costa Rica/[B6-143]/UCR/Costa RicaUniversidad de Costa Rica/[B0-810]/UCR/Costa RicaUniversidad de Costa Rica/[B0-065]/UCR/Costa RicaUniversidad de Costa Rica/[A4-906]/UCR/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigaciones Geofísicas (CIGEFI