Since the revival of gold mining in the early 2000s in Burkina Faso, the number of illegal gold panning sites has continued to increase despite the government’s attempts to formalize it. As of december 31, 2019, the number of legal gold panning sites was 36 out of several hundred. The illegality that characterizes this mining sub-sector favors the development of speeches by political actors and the media stigmatizing artisanal miners. According to several reports, artisanal gold mining, through unsuitable techniques, is the cause of environmental degradation. The purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate, using the example of the commune of Kampti (southwest of Burkina Faso), that beyond these techniques of gold extraction and processing, ot...