Transplant Tourism: New Zealand Residents Deciding on Commercial Transplantation Overseas

The demand for organs exceeds supply in almost every country, including New Zealand. As such, scholars have argued that this has contributed to a rise in illegal kidney purchase and commercial transplantation. Taking into account the likelihood that patients in New Zealand have been involved, this research considers the factors that motivate these patients to circumvent the transplant opportunities here in favour of a commercial transplant overseas. In addition, this project examines the ethical concerns that arise for medical professionals who suspect or become aware of a patient’s intention to procure an organ outside of New Zealand. Interviews were conducted with eight medical professionals working in the field of kidney donation and transplantation, two key informants (stakeholder and academic), and two patients. The patients have previously undergone a kidney transplant in New Zealand and have both — to varying degrees — considered transplant tourism. Using narrative thematic analysis, the data was organised into three predominant themes; The Desire for Health, Transplant Tourism: An Uncommon Phenomenon, and The Healthcare Response. Numerous insights were generated from this analysis. While transplant tourism is considered by many patients in New Zealand, it is pursued infrequently and arguably only by those with connections to common destination countries. When such instances occur, medical professionals in New Zealand encounter a variety of ethical, legal, and professional dilemmas that affect their ability to prevent transplantrelated crimes. This research concludes that patients (regardless of whether or not they pursue transplant tourism) experience feelings of frustration and hopelessness as a result of their illness experiences along with the current healthcare infrastructures. Assisting patients in setting realistic expectations of their treatment options, as well as increasing the transparency of the deceased donor waiting list is recommended. Moreover, it is suggested that transplant professionals at all levels are offered education about organ trafficking and transplant tourism, and a policy statement on organ trafficking and transplant tourism should be developed to clarify the rights and obligations of medical professionals in relation to organ purchase and offer guidance on how they can interact with patients who travel or plan to travel abroad for a transplant.