Evidence for xylem embolism as a primary factor in dehydration-induced declines in leaf hydraulic conductance

This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.Hydraulic conductance of leaves (K[subscript leaf]) typically decreases\ud with increasing water stress and recent studies have proposed\ud different mechanisms responsible for decreasing\ud K[subscript leaf]. We measured K[subscript leaf] concurrently with ultrasonic acoustic\ud emissions (UAEs) in dehydrating leaves of several\ud species to determine whether declining K[subscript leaf] was associated\ud with xylem embolism. In addition, we performed experiments\ud in which the surface tension of water in the leaf\ud xylem was reduced by using a surfactant solution. Finally,\ud we compared the hydraulic vulnerability of entire leaves\ud with the leaf lamina in three species.\ud \ud Leaf hydraulic vulnerability based on rehydration kinetics\ud and UAE was very similar, except in Quercus garryana.\ud However, water potentials corresponding to the initial\ud decline in K[subscript leaf] and the onset of UAE in Q. garryana were\ud similar. In all species tested, reducing the surface tension of\ud water caused K[subscript leaf] to decline at less negative water potentials\ud compared with leaves supplied with water. Microscopy\ud revealed that as the fraction of embolized xylem increased,\ud K[subscript leaf] declined sharply in Q. garryana. Measurements on leaf\ud discs revealed that reductions in lamina hydraulic conductance\ud with dehydration were not as great as those observed\ud in intact leaves, suggesting that embolism was the primary\ud mechanism for reductions in K[subscript leaf] during dehydration