Anti-tumor effect of Ent-11α-hydroxy-15-oxo-kaur-16-en-19-oic-acid in mouse models of liver cancer and lung cancer.

Leung, Jackie.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-131).Abstract also in Chinese.Abstract --- p.i論文摘要 --- p.iiiAcknowledgement --- p.ivList of publications --- p.viList of Tables --- p.viList of Figures --- p.viTable of Contents --- p.ixChapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1Chapter 1.1. --- Liver cancer --- p.1Chapter 1.1.1. --- Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) --- p.2Chapter 1.2. --- Lung Cancer --- p.5Chapter 1.3. --- Pteris semipinnata L --- p.8Chapter 1.4. --- Extract of PsL: 5F --- p.10Chapter 1.5. --- Animal models in chemotherapy researches --- p.13Chapter 1.5.1. --- Model of HCC --- p.13Chapter 1.5.2. --- Model of lung cancer --- p.15Chapter 1.6. --- Apoptosis: Significance of programmed cell death --- p.17Chapter 1.6.1. --- The extrinsic pathway --- p.18Chapter 1.6.2. --- The intrinsic pathway --- p.19Chapter 1.7. --- Apoptotic molecules related to this study --- p.22Chapter 1.7.1. --- Bcl-2 family --- p.22Chapter 1.7.1.1. --- Bax --- p.22Chapter 1.7.1.2. --- Bcl-2 --- p.23Chapter 1.7.2. --- Nuclear factor kappa B --- p.25Chapter 1.7.3. --- Inducible nitric oxide synthase --- p.27Chapter 1.8. --- Side-effects of chemotherapy --- p.29Chapter 1.8.1. --- Chemotherapy and liver dysfunction --- p.30Chapter 1.8.2. --- Nephrotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents --- p.31Chapter 1.9. --- Aim of study --- p.33Chapter Chapter 2: --- Materials and Methodology --- p.34Chapter 2.1. --- Animals --- p.34Chapter 2.1.1. --- HCC model --- p.34Chapter 2.1.2. --- Lung cancer model --- p.35Chapter 2.2. --- Tumors induction --- p.36Chapter 2.2.1. --- HCC induction in C3H/HeJ mice --- p.36Chapter 2.2.2. --- Lung cancer induction in A/J mice --- p.37Chapter 2.3. --- 5F preparation --- p.38Chapter 2.4. --- 5F treatment --- p.39Chapter 2.5. --- Harvest of samples and tissues --- p.41Chapter 2.6. --- Tumor assessment --- p.43Chapter 2.7. --- Investigation of apoptosis and cell proliferation --- p.44Chapter 2.8. --- Immunohistochemistry --- p.47Chapter 2.9. --- Biochemical test --- p.51Chapter 2.9.1. --- Liver Function Tests (LFT) --- p.52Chapter 2.9.1.1. --- Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) & Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) --- p.52Chapter 2.9.2. --- Renal Function Test (RFT) --- p.53Chapter 2.9.2.1. --- Serum creatinine level (CRE) --- p.53Chapter 2.9.2.2. --- Blood Urea Nitrogen index (BUN) --- p.54Chapter 2.10. --- Statistical analysis --- p.55Chapter Chapter 3: --- Results --- p.56Chapter 3.1. --- Anti-tumor effect of 5F is dose- dependent --- p.56Chapter 3.2. --- 5F reduces cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in-vivo --- p.60Chapter 3.3. --- Effects of 5F on apoptotic signaling molecules --- p.68Chapter 3.3.1. --- 5F up-regulates pro-apoptotic Bax and Bak --- p.68Chapter 3.3.2. --- 5F down-regulates anti-apoptotic NF-kappa B and Bcl-2 --- p.76Chapter 3.3.3. --- 5F up-regulated iNOS in HCC but not in lung cancer --- p.88Chapter 3.3.4. --- Regulation on Erk1/2 was associated with treatment of 5F --- p.93Chapter 3.4. --- Side-effect studies of 5F --- p.97Chapter Chapter 4: --- Discussion --- p.105Chapter Chapter 5: --- Conclusion --- p.116Bibliography --- p.11