Removal and recovery of metal ions by magnetite-immobilized chitin A.

Wong, Kin Shing Kinson.Thesis submitted in: November 2007.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 145-158).Abstracts in English and Chinese.Acknowledgements --- p.iAbstract --- p.ii摘要 --- p.vContents --- p.viiiList of figures --- p.xvList of plates --- p.xxList of tables --- p.xxiAbbreviations --- p.xxiiiChapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1Chapter 1.1 --- Heavy metals --- p.1Chapter 1.1.1 --- Characteristics of heavy metals --- p.1Chapter 1.1.2 --- Heavy metal pollution in Hong Kong --- p.2Chapter 1.1.3 --- Common usage of heavy metals --- p.4Chapter 1.1.3.1 --- Copper --- p.4Chapter 1.1.3.2 --- Nickel --- p.4Chapter 1.1.3.3 --- Zinc --- p.5Chapter 1.1.4 --- Toxicity of heavy metals --- p.5Chapter 1.1.4.1 --- Copper --- p.6Chapter 1.1.4.2 --- Nickel --- p.7Chapter 1.1.4.3 --- Zinc --- p.7Chapter 1.1.5 --- Treatment techniques for metal ions --- p.8Chapter 1.1.5.1 --- Chemical precipitation --- p.9Chapter 1.1.5.2 --- Ion exchange --- p.10Chapter 1.1.5.3 --- Activated carbon adsorption --- p.10Chapter 1.2 --- Biosorption --- p.11Chapter 1.2.1 --- Definition of biosorption --- p.11Chapter 1.2.2 --- Mechanism --- p.12Chapter 1.2.3 --- Advantages of biosorption --- p.13Chapter 1.2.4 --- Selection of biosorbents --- p.15Chapter 1.3 --- Chitinous materials --- p.17Chapter 1.3.1 --- Background of chitin --- p.17Chapter 1.3.2 --- Structures of chitinous materials --- p.18Chapter 1.3.3 --- Sources of chitinous materials --- p.18Chapter 1.3.4 --- Application of chitinous materials --- p.20Chapter 1.3.5 --- Mechanism of metal ion adsorption by chitin --- p.22Chapter 1.4 --- Activated carbon --- p.25Chapter 1.4.1 --- Characteristics of activated carbon --- p.25Chapter 1.4.2 --- Applications of activated carbon --- p.26Chapter 1.4.3 --- Factors affecting adsorption ability of activated carbon --- p.27Chapter 1.4.4 --- Advantages and Disadvantages --- p.28Chapter 1.4.4.1 --- Advantages (Adsorption) --- p.28Chapter 1.4.4.2 --- Advantages (Regerneration) --- p.28Chapter 1.4.4.3 --- Disadvantages (Adsorption) --- p.28Chapter 1.4.4.4 --- Disadvantages (Regeneration) --- p.29Chapter 1.5 --- Cation exchange resin --- p.29Chapter 1.5.1 --- Usages of cation exchange resin --- p.29Chapter 1.5.2 --- Characteristics of cation exchange resin --- p.30Chapter 1.5.3 --- Disadvantages of using cation exchange resin --- p.30Chapter 1.6 --- Magnetite --- p.31Chapter 1.6.1 --- Reasons of using magnetite --- p.31Chapter 1.6.2 --- Characteristics of magnetite --- p.31Chapter 1.6.3 --- Immobilization by magnetite --- p.32Chapter 1.6.4 --- Advantages of using magnetite --- p.33Chapter 1.7 --- The biosorption experiment --- p.33Chapter 1.7.1 --- The batch biosorption experiment --- p.33Chapter 1.7.2 --- The adsorption isotherms --- p.34Chapter 1.7.2.1 --- The Langmuir adsorption isotherm --- p.34Chapter 1.7.2.2 --- The Freundlich adsorption isotherm --- p.36Chapter 2. --- Objectives --- p.38Chapter 3. --- Materials and methods --- p.39Chapter 3.1 --- Adsorbents --- p.39Chapter 3.1.1 --- Chitin A --- p.39Chapter 3.1.2 --- Pretreatment of chitin A --- p.39Chapter 3.1.3 --- Magnetite --- p.39Chapter 3.1.4 --- Activated carbon --- p.41Chapter 3.1.5 --- Cation exchange resin --- p.41Chapter 3.1.6 --- Pretreatment of cation exchange resin --- p.41Chapter 3.2 --- Chemicals --- p.43Chapter 3.2.1 --- Metal ion solution --- p.43Chapter 3.2.2 --- Buffer solution --- p.43Chapter 3.2.3 --- Standard solution --- p.43Chapter 3.3 --- Immobilization of chitin A by magnetite --- p.44Chapter 3.3.1 --- Effect of chitin A to magnetite ratio --- p.44Chapter 3.3.2 --- Effect of amount of chitin A and magnetite in a fixed ratio --- p.45Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of pH --- p.45Chapter 3.3.4 --- Effect of immobilization time --- p.46Chapter 3.3.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.46Chapter 3.3.6 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.46Chapter 3.3.7 --- Effect of salinity --- p.46Chapter 3.3.8 --- Mass production of magnetite-immobilized chitin A --- p.47Chapter 3.4 --- Batch adsorption experiment --- p.47Chapter 3.5 --- "Optimization of physicochemical condition on Cu2+，Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by MCA, AC and CER" --- p.48Chapter 3.5.1 --- Effect of equilibrium pH --- p.48Chapter 3.5.2 --- Effect of amount of adsorbent --- p.49Chapter 3.5.3 --- Effect of retention time --- p.49Chapter 3.5.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.49Chapter 3.5.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.50Chapter 3.5.6 --- Effect of initial metal ion concentration --- p.50Chapter 3.5.7 --- Adsorption isotherms --- p.50Chapter 3.5.8 --- Dimensionless separation factor --- p.52Chapter 3.5.9 --- Kinetic parameters of adsorption --- p.52Chapter 3.5.10 --- Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption --- p.53Chapter 3.6 --- "Recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from metal ion-laden MCA" --- p.54Chapter 3.6.1 --- Performances of various solutions on metal ion recovery --- p.54Chapter 3.6.2 --- Multiple adsorption and desorption cycles of metal ions --- p.55Chapter 3.7 --- Statistical analysis of data --- p.55Chapter 4. --- Results --- p.56Chapter 4.1 --- Immobilization of chitin A by magnetite --- p.56Chapter 4.1.1 --- Effect of chitin A to magnetite ratio --- p.56Chapter 4.1.2 --- Effect of amount of chitin A and magnetite in a fixed ratio --- p.59Chapter 4.1.3 --- Effect of pH --- p.59Chapter 4.1.4 --- Effect of immobilization time --- p.59Chapter 4.1.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.59Chapter 4.1.6 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.64Chapter 4.1.7 --- Effect of salinity --- p.64Chapter 4.1.8 --- Mass production of magnetite-immobilized chitin A --- p.64Chapter 4.2 --- Batch adsorption experiment --- p.67Chapter 4.2.1 --- Screening of adsorbents --- p.67Chapter 4.3 --- "Optimization of physicochemical condition on Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by MCA, AC and CER" --- p.70Chapter 4.3.1 --- Effect of equilibrium pH --- p.70Chapter 4.3.2 --- Effect of amount of adsorbent --- p.74Chapter 4.3.3 --- Effect of retention time --- p.78Chapter 4.3.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.82Chapter 4.3.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.82Chapter 4.3.6 --- Effect of initial metal ion concentration --- p.86Chapter 4.3.7 --- Summary of optimized conditions for three metal ions --- p.87Chapter 4.3.8 --- Cost analysis of metal ion removal by three adsorbents --- p.87Chapter 4.3.9 --- Performance of reference adsorbents (AC and CER) --- p.87Chapter 4.3.10 --- Adsorption isotherms --- p.99Chapter 4.3.11 --- Dimensionless separation factor --- p.103Chapter 4.3.12 --- Kinetic parameters of adsorption --- p.106Chapter 4.3.13 --- Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption --- p.113Chapter 4.4 --- "Recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from metal ion-laden MCA" --- p.113Chapter 4.4.1 --- Performances of various solutions on metal ion recovery --- p.113Chapter 4.4.2 --- Multiple adsorption and desorption cycles of metal ions --- p.117Chapter 5. --- Discussions --- p.121Chapter 5.1 --- Immobilization of chitin A by magnetite --- p.121Chapter 5.1.1 --- Effect of chitin A to magnetite ratio --- p.121Chapter 5.1.2 --- Effect of amount of chitin A and magnetite in a fixed ratio --- p.121Chapter 5.1.3 --- Effect of pH --- p.122Chapter 5.1.4 --- Effect of immobilization time --- p.122Chapter 5.1.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.122Chapter 5.1.6 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.123Chapter 5.1.7 --- Effect of salinity --- p.123Chapter 5.2 --- Batch adsorption experiment --- p.123Chapter 5.2.1 --- Screening of adsorbents --- p.123Chapter 5.3 --- "Optimization of physicochemical condition on Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption by MCA, AC and CER" --- p.124Chapter 5.3.1 --- Effect of equilibrium pH --- p.125Chapter 5.3.2 --- Effect of amount of adsorbent --- p.126Chapter 5.3.3 --- Effect of retention time --- p.127Chapter 5.3.4 --- Effect of agitation rate --- p.128Chapter 5.3.5 --- Effect of temperature --- p.128Chapter 5.3.6 --- Effect of initial metal ion concentration --- p.129Chapter 5.3.7 --- Summary of optimized conditions for three metal ions --- p.130Chapter 5.3.8 --- Cost analysis of metal ion removal by three adsorbents --- p.132Chapter 5.3.9 --- Performance of reference adsorbents (AC and CER) --- p.133Chapter 5.3.10 --- Adsorption isotherms --- p.133Chapter 5.3.11 --- Dimensionless separation factor --- p.135Chapter 5.3.12 --- Kinetic parameters of adsorption --- p.136Chapter 5.3.13 --- Thermodynamic parameters of adsorption --- p.139Chapter 5.4 --- "Recovery of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ from metal ion-laden MCA" --- p.140Chapter 5.4.1 --- Performances of various solutions on metal ion recovery --- p.140Chapter 5.4.2 --- Multiple adsorption and desorption cycles of metal ions --- p.141Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.143Chapter 7. --- References --- p.14