Seasonal climatology of hydrographic conditions in the upwelling region off northern Chile

Copyright 2001 by the American Geophysical UnionOver 30 years of hydrographic data from the northern Chile (18°S-24°S) upwelling\ud region are used to calculate the surface and subsurface seasonal climatology extending 400 km\ud offshore. The data are interpolated to a grid with sufficient spatial resolution to preserve crossshelf\ud gradients and then presented as means within four seasons: austral winter (July-\ud September), spring (October-December), summer (January-March), and fall (April-June).\ud Climatological monthly wind forcing, surface temperature, and sea level from three coastal\ud stations indicate equatorward (upwelling favorable) winds throughout the year, weakest in the\ud north. Seasonal maximum alongshore wind stress is in late spring and summer (December-\ud March). Major water masses of the region are identified in climatological T-S plots and their\ud sources and implied circulation discussed. Surface fields and vertical transects of temperature\ud and salinity confirm that upwelling occurs year-round, strongest in summer and weakest in\ud winter, bringing relatively fresh water to the surface nearshore. Surface geostrophic flow\ud nearshore is equatorward throughout the year. During summer, an anticyclonic circulation\ud feature in the north which extends to at least 200 m depth is evident in geopotential anomaly\ud and in both temperature and geopotential variance fields. Subsurface fields indicate generally\ud poleward flow throughout the year, strongest in an undercurrent near the coast. This\ud undercurrent is strongest in summer and most persistent and organized in the south (south of\ud 21°S). A subsurface oxygen minimum, centered at ∼250 m, is strongest at lower latitudes.\ud Low-salinity subsurface water intrudes into the study area near 100 m, predominantly in\ud offshore regions, strongest during summer and fall and in the southernmost portion of the\ud region. The climatological fields are compared to features off Baja within the somewhat\ud analogous California Current and to measurements from higher latitudes within the Chile-Peru\ud Current system