On the acceptability and status of grammatical features of Hong Kong English: perceptions from local undergraduates in Hong Kong.

Ting, Sum Pok."August 2011."Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-185).Abstracts in English and Chinese.ABSTRACT --- p.iACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.vTABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.VILIST OF TABLES --- p.xLIST OF FIGURE --- p.xChapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1Chapter 1.1 --- BACKGROUND OF THE PRESENT STUDY --- p.1Chapter 1.2 --- PURPOSE OF THE PRESENT STUDY --- p.2Chapter 1.3 --- RESEARCH QUESTIONS OF THE PRESENT STUDY --- p.3Chapter 1.4 --- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PRESENT STUDY --- p.5Chapter 1.5 --- ORGANISATION OF THE THESIS --- p.6Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.8Chapter 2.1 --- STANDARDISATION OF ENGLISH AND WORLD ENGLISHES --- p.8Chapter 2.1.1 --- Standardisation of English --- p.8Chapter 2.1.2 --- World Englishes --- p.11Chapter 2.1.3 --- Non-standard English as a kind of deficiency --- p.12Chapter 2.2 --- B. KACHRU'S AND SCHNEIDER'S DEVELOPMENTAL MODELS OF N EW VARIETIES OF ENGLISH --- p.14Chapter 2.2.1 --- B. Kachru's three-stage developmental model of English --- p.14Chapter 2.2.2 --- Schneider's five-stage dynamic model of post-colonial Englishes --- p.16Chapter 2.3 --- DEBATE OF H K E AS A N EW VARIETY --- p.21Chapter 2.3.1 --- HKE as an autonomous variety --- p.21Chapter 2.3.2 --- The non-readiness of HKE as an autonomous variety --- p.23Chapter 2.4 --- DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN FEATURES AND ERRORS --- p.27Chapter 2.4.1 --- """Innovation"" and ""selection.""" --- p.27Chapter 2.4.2 --- "“Mistakes,´ح ""errors,"" ""deviations,"" and “features.´ح" --- p.28Chapter 2.4.3 --- Bamgbose's five factors in determining the status of language features --- p.29Chapter 2.5 --- FACTORS AFFECTING ACCEPTABILITY OF NON-NATIVE FEATURES --- p.31Chapter 2.5.1 --- Intelligibility --- p.31Chapter 2.5.2 --- Social prestige and stigma --- p.33Chapter 2.5.3 --- Past experience and somatic markers --- p.33Chapter 2.6 --- STUDIES OF ATTITUDES TOWARDS LOCAL VARIETIES IN ASIA AND HONG KONG --- p.35Chapter 2.6.1 --- Studies in the Asian context --- p.35Chapter 2.6.2 --- Studies in the Hong Kong context --- p.37Chapter 2.7 --- GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF HKJE --- p.40Chapter 2.7.1 --- Grammatical features identified in previous studies --- p.40Chapter 2.7.2 --- The targeted grammatical features in the present study --- p.42Chapter 2.8 --- SUMMARY --- p.46Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- METHODOLOGY --- p.48Chapter 3.1 --- RESEARCH QUESTIONS --- p.48Chapter 3.2 --- RESEARCH DESIGN --- p.48Chapter 3.3 --- TARGET PARTICIPANTS --- p.50Chapter 3.3.1 --- Selection criteria --- p.50Chapter 3.3.2 --- Respondents of the acceptability survey --- p.52Chapter 3.3.3 --- Interviewees of the semi-structured interview. --- p.53Chapter 3.4 --- INSTRUMENTATION --- p.53Chapter 3.4.1 --- Acceptability surveys --- p.54Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- Rationale for employing acceptability surveys --- p.54Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- Design of the acceptability surveys --- p.54Chapter 3.4.2 --- Semi-structured interviews --- p.58Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Rationale for employing semi-structured interviews --- p.58Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Design of the semi-structured interviews --- p.60Chapter 3.5 --- Two PHASES OF DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING --- p.61Chapter 3.5.1 --- Quantitative phase --- p.62Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- Data collection --- p.62Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- Data analysis --- p.64Chapter 3.5.2 --- Qualitative phase --- p.64Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Case selection --- p.64Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- Interview protocol. --- p.66Chapter 3.5.2.3 --- Data collection --- p.68Chapter 3.5.2.4 --- Data analysis --- p.69Chapter 3.6 --- ETHICS --- p.70Chapter 3.7 --- LIMITATIONS --- p.71Chapter 3.8 --- SUMMARY --- p.72Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION - FACTORS AFFECTING ACCEPTABILITY OF THE TARGETED GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF HKE --- p.74Chapter 4.1 --- ACCEPTABILITY OF THE TARGETED GRAMMATICAL FEATURES AN OVERVIEW --- p.74Chapter 4.2 --- FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACCEPTABILITY OF THE TARGETED GRAMMATICAL FEATURES --- p.79Chapter 4.2.1 --- Intelligibility of the expression --- p.80Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- Perceived completeness of meaning. --- p.80Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- Perceived complexity of the sentence structure and the idea expressed --- p.83Chapter 4.2.2 --- Past experience of learning English in school --- p.86Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Negative feelings towards the feature --- p.87Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Perceived level of difficulty of the feature --- p.89Chapter 4.2.3 --- Everyday exposure to English --- p.92Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Prevalence of the grammar item --- p.93Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Perceived familiarity with the feature --- p.95Chapter 4.2.3.3 --- Perceived distinctiveness of the feature as “Hong Kong style. ´ح --- p.97Chapter 4.2.4 --- Contexts in which the features appear. --- p.98Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- "Computer-mediated communication in MSN, SMS, and Facebook." --- p.100Chapter 4.2.4.2 --- Daily face-to-face conversation --- p.105Chapter 4.2.5 --- Perceived competence and status of the users of the feature --- p.109Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Perceived competence of the users of the feature --- p.109Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- Perceived social status of the users of the feature --- p.111Chapter 4.3 --- IMPLICATIONS FROM THE INTERVIEWS --- p.113Chapter 4.4 --- SUMMARY --- p.116Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION - PERCEIVED STATUS OF HKE --- p.118Chapter 5.1 --- AWARENESS OF THE EXISTENCE OF THE TARGETED GRAMMATICAL FEATURES --- p.118Chapter 5.2 --- INTERVIEWEES' PREFERRED VARIETY OF ENGLISH --- p.124Chapter 5.2.1 --- Preference for standard native varieties of English --- p.125Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Perceived international intelligibility of the targeted grammatical features --- p.127Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Perceived public image of the varieties of English and their users --- p.129Chapter 5.2.2 --- Low preference for standard native varieties of English --- p.132Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- Limited capability of the people in Hong Kong. --- p.132Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- Communicative effectiveness of the standard native varieties --- p.133Chapter 5.3 --- PERCEIVED STATUS OF HKE AS AN AUTONOMOUS VARIETY --- p.137Chapter 5.3.1 --- The perceived current status of HKE --- p.137Chapter 5.3.1.1 --- The lack of intention for the adoption of the non-standard features --- p.138Chapter 5.3.1.2 --- The lack of a unifying set offeatures --- p.140Chapter 5.3.2 --- The perceived future status of HKE --- p.142Chapter 5.3.2.1 --- Inevitability of becoming an autonomous variety. --- p.142Chapter 5.3.2.2 --- Perceived limited usage of English in Hong Kong --- p.143Chapter 5.3.3 --- The prospect of HKE as an autonomous variety --- p.144Chapter 5.3.3.1 --- Negative influence on English learning. --- p.144Chapter 5.3.3.2 --- The lack of ownership of English --- p.145Chapter 5.4 --- RECOGNITION OF THE TARGETED GRAMMATICAL FEATURES AS FEATURES OF HKE --- p.147Chapter 5.4.1 --- One standard for using English --- p.147Chapter 5.4.2 --- Non-standard features as identity marker. --- p.150Chapter 5.4.3 --- Ownership of English --- p.151Chapter 5.5 --- THE STATUS OF HKE IN BECOMING AN AUTONOMOUS VARIETY --- p.152Chapter 5.6 --- SUMMARY --- p.155Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- CONCLUSION --- p.157Chapter 6.1 --- ADDRESSING THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS --- p.157Chapter 6.1.1 --- Addressing research question 1: Acceptability of the targeted features --- p.157Chapter 6.1.2 --- Addressing research question 2: Factors affecting acceptability --- p.159Chapter 6.1.3 --- Addressing research question 3: Features or errors? --- p.162Chapter 6.1.4 --- Addressing research question 4: Perceived status of HKE --- p.164Chapter 6.2 --- IMPLICATIONS --- p.165Chapter 6.2.1 --- Exposure to varieties of English --- p.166Chapter 6.2.2 --- The teaching of grammar in school --- p.168Chapter 6.3 --- LIMITATIONS --- p.172Chapter 6.3.1 --- English proficiency of the participants --- p.172Chapter 6.3.2 --- The modes and styles of English under investigation --- p.172Chapter 6.3.3 --- The methodological design --- p.173Chapter 6.4 --- DIRECTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES --- p.175Chapter 6.4.1 --- Computer-mediated communication (CMC) and HKE --- p.175Chapter 6.4.2 --- Linguistic identity of local Hong Kong people --- p.176REFERENCE --- p.178Chapter APPENDIX I - --- SAMPLE OF ACCEPTABILITY SURVEY --- p.186Chapter APPENDIX II - --- INTERVIEW PROTOCOL --- p.19