Genetic variation in cold hardiness of Douglas-fir in relation to parent tree environment

The extent to which parent trees within breeding zones of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) are locally adapted to their native environments was evaluated. Forty families from each of one Coastal and one Cascade breeding population in Oregon were assessed for cold hardiness and growth phenology, and family means for traits were summarized using principal components analysis (PCA). Composition of the first two\ud principal components (PCs) was consistent between breeding zones, years, and test sites. PC-1, describing 39–46% of trait variation, represents a suite of traits related to spring phenology and spring cold hardiness. PC-2, describing\ud 20–22% of trait variation, consists of cold-hardiness traits not associated with phenology. The first two PCs from each\ud population, as well as univariate traits, were regressed on parent tree location variables and modeled climatic indices\ud separately. In the Coastal zone, PC-1 was weakly but significantly related to temperature and moisture regimes (0.176 £\ud r2 £ 0.235), varying with elevation and distance from the ocean. PC-2 was related to temperature and moisture regimes in both populations (0.087 £ r2 £ 0.249). These relatively weak geographic patterns for adaptive traits within breeding\ud zones suggest that current zone size is not excessive and could likely be increased north or south