Remediation of abandoned shipyard soil by organic amendment using compost of fungus Pleurotus pulmonarius.

by Chan Sze Sze.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 193-218).Abstracts in English and Chinese.Acknowledgements --- p.iAbstracts --- p.ii摘要 --- p.vContents --- p.viiiList of figures --- p.xvList of tables --- p.xixAbbreviations --- p.xxiiChapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1Chapter 1.1 --- The North Tsing Yi Abandoned Shipyard area --- p.1Chapter 1.2 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the site --- p.3Chapter 1.2.1 --- Characteristics of PAHs --- p.3Chapter 1.2.2 --- Sources of PAHs --- p.8Chapter 1.2.3 --- Environmental fates of PAHs --- p.9Chapter 1.2.4 --- Biodegradation of PAHs --- p.10Chapter 1.2.5 --- Toxicity of PAHs --- p.13Chapter 1.2.6 --- PAHs contamination in Hong Kong --- p.14Chapter 1.2.7 --- Soil decontamination assessment in Hong Kong --- p.16Chapter 1.2.8 --- Environmental standards of PAHs --- p.18Chapter 1.2.9 --- Remediation technology of PAHs --- p.21Chapter 1.2.9.1 --- Bioremediation --- p.22Chapter 1.3 --- Heavy metals in the site --- p.28Chapter 1.3.1 --- "Characteristics of copper, lead and zinc" --- p.29Chapter 1.3.2 --- "Sources of copper, lead and zinc" --- p.32Chapter 1.3.3 --- "Environmental fates of copper, lead and zinc" --- p.34Chapter 1.3.4 --- "Toxicities of copper, lead and zinc" --- p.36Chapter 1.3.5 --- "Copper, lead and zinc contamination in Hong Kong" --- p.39Chapter 1.3.6 --- "Environmental standards of copper, lead and zinc" --- p.40Chapter 1.3.7 --- Remediation technology of heavy metal --- p.42Chapter 1.3.7.1 --- Chemical method --- p.42Chapter 1.3.7.2 --- Biological method --- p.43Chapter 1.3.7.3 --- Stabilization and Solidification --- p.45Chapter 1.4 --- Aim of study --- p.47Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives --- p.47Chapter 1.6 --- Research Strategy --- p.47Chapter 1.7 --- Significance of study --- p.48Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.49Chapter 2.1 --- Soil Collection --- p.49Chapter 2.2 --- Characterization of soil --- p.49Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.49Chapter 2.2.2 --- "Soil pH, electrical conductivity & salinity" --- p.50Chapter 2.2.3 --- Total organic carbon contents --- p.51Chapter 2.2.4 --- Soil texture --- p.51Chapter 2.2.5 --- Moisture --- p.53Chapter 2.2.6 --- Total nitrogen and total phosphorus --- p.53Chapter 2.2.7 --- Available nitrogen --- p.53Chapter 2.2.8 --- Available phosphorus --- p.54Chapter 2.2.9 --- Soil bacterial and fungal population --- p.54Chapter 2.2.10 --- Extraction of PAHs and organic pollutants --- p.55Chapter 2.2.10.1 --- Extraction procedure --- p.55Chapter 2.2.10.2 --- GC-MS condition --- p.56Chapter 2.2.10.3 --- Preparation of mixed PAHs stock solution --- p.56Chapter 2.2.11 --- Oil and grease content --- p.57Chapter 2.2.12 --- Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) --- p.57Chapter 2.2.13 --- Total heavy metal analysis --- p.58Chapter 2.2.14 --- Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) --- p.59Chapter 2.2.15 --- Extraction efficiency --- p.59Chapter 2.3 --- Production of mushroom compost --- p.60Chapter 2.4 --- Characterization of mushroom compost --- p.62Chapter 2.4.1 --- Enzyme assay --- p.62Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Laccase assay --- p.62Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Manganese peroxidase assay --- p.62Chapter 2.5 --- Addition of mushroom to soil on site --- p.63Chapter 2.5.1 --- Transportation of mushroom compost to Tsing Yi --- p.63Chapter 2.5.2 --- Mixing of mushroom compost and soil --- p.64Chapter 2.6 --- Soil Monitoring --- p.64Chapter 2.6.1 --- On site air and soil measurements --- p.64Chapter 2.6.1.1 --- Air temperature and moisture --- p.64Chapter 2.6.1.2 --- Light intensity --- p.64Chapter 2.6.1.3 --- UV intensity --- p.65Chapter 2.6.1.4 --- Rainfall --- p.65Chapter 2.6.1.5 --- Soil temperature --- p.65Chapter 2.6.2 --- Soil chemical characteristic --- p.65Chapter 2.6.3 --- Relative residue pollutant (%) --- p.65Chapter 2.7 --- Toxicity of treated soil --- p.66Chapter 2.7.1 --- Seed germination test --- p.66Chapter 2.7.2 --- Indigenous bacterial toxicity test --- p.67Chapter 2.7.3 --- Fungal toxicity test --- p.68Chapter 2.7.3.1 --- Preparation of ergosterol standard solution --- p.70Chapter 2.8 --- Soil Washing --- p.70Chapter 2.8.1 --- Optimization of soil washing --- p.70Chapter 2.8.1.1 --- Effect of hydrochloric acid concentration --- p.70Chapter 2.8.1.2 --- Effect of incubation time --- p.71Chapter 2.9 --- Phytoremediation --- p.71Chapter 2.10 --- Mycoextraction --- p.72Chapter 2.11 --- Integrated bioextraction --- p.72Chapter 2.12 --- Cementation --- p.73Chapter 2.13 --- Glass encapsulation --- p.73Chapter 2.14 --- Statistical analysis --- p.74Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.75Chapter 3.1 --- Characterization of soil --- p.75Chapter 3.2 --- Characterization of mushroom compost --- p.78Chapter 3.2.1 --- Enzyme activity --- p.78Chapter 3.2.2 --- Total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents --- p.78Chapter 3.3 --- Soil monitoring --- p.79Chapter 3.3.1 --- Initial pollutant content in biopile and fungal treatment soils --- p.79Chapter 3.3.2 --- On site air and soil physical characteristics --- p.81Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Soil temperature and air temperature --- p.81Chapter 3.3.3 --- Soil chemical characteristic --- p.84Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- Effect of type of treatment on total petroleum hydrocarbon content --- p.85Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Effect of type of treatment on oil and grease content --- p.87Chapter 3.3.3.3 --- Soil pH --- p.89Chapter 3.3.3.4 --- Moisture --- p.91Chapter 3.3.3.5 --- Electrical conductivity --- p.92Chapter 3.3.3.6 --- Salinity --- p.93Chapter 3.3.3.7 --- Microbial population --- p.95Chapter 3.3.3.8 --- Removal of organopollutant PAHs in biopile and fungal treatment --- p.98Chapter 3.3.3.9 --- Effect of type of treatment on residual PAHs at Day 4 --- p.104Chapter 3.3.3.10 --- Effect of type of treatment on residual PAHs at peak levels --- p.107Chapter 3.3.3.11 --- Effect of type of treatment on residual organopollutants at the end of treatments --- p.109Chapter 3.3.3.12 --- Effect of type of treatment on total nitrogen and phosphorus contents --- p.111Chapter 3.3.3.13 --- Effect of type of treatment on physical and chemical properties of soil --- p.113Chapter 3.4 --- Toxicity of treated soil --- p.116Chapter 3.4.1 --- Seed germination test --- p.116Chapter 3.4.2 --- Indigenous bacterial toxicity test --- p.120Chapter 3.4.3 --- Fungal toxicity test --- p.125Chapter 3.5 --- Soil washing --- p.129Chapter 3.5.1 --- Optimisation of soil washing --- p.129Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- The effect of hydrochloric acid concentration --- p.129Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- The effect of incubation time --- p.134Chapter 3.6 --- Mycoextraction --- p.139Chapter 3.7 --- Phytoextraction and integrated bioextraction --- p.146Chapter 3.8 --- Cementation --- p.153Chapter 3.9 --- Glass encapsulation --- p.158Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.160Chapter 4.1 --- Characterization of soil --- p.160Chapter 4.2 --- Characterization of mushroom compost --- p.162Chapter 4.2.1 --- Enzyme activity --- p.162Chapter 4.2.2 --- Total nitrogen and total phosphorus contents --- p.163Chapter 4.3 --- Soil monitoring --- p.163Chapter 4.3.1 --- Initial pollutant content in biopile and fungal treatment soil --- p.163Chapter 4.3.2 --- On site air and soil physical characteristics --- p.164Chapter 4.3.3 --- Soil chemical characteristic --- p.164Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Soil pH --- p.164Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- Moisture --- p.165Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- Electrical conductivity --- p.165Chapter 4.3.3.4 --- Salinity --- p.166Chapter 4.3.3.5 --- Microbial population in biopile and fungal treatments --- p.166Chapter 4.3.3.6 --- Removal of organopollutant PAHs in biopile and fungal treatments --- p.168Chapter 4.3.3.7 --- Effect of type of treatment on residual PAHs at peak levels --- p.170Chapter 4.3.3.8 --- Effect of type of treatment on residual oil and grease and TPH contents --- p.171Chapter 4.3.3.9 --- Effect of type of treatment on total nitrogen and phosphorus contents --- p.172Chapter 4.3.3.10 --- Effect of type of treatment on physical and chemical properties of the soil --- p.173Chapter 4.4 --- Toxicity of treated soil --- p.174Chapter 4.5 --- Summary of Pleurotus pulmonarius mushroom compost on organopollutant remediation --- p.177Chapter 4.6 --- Soil washing --- p.178Chapter 4.7 --- Mycoextraction --- p.180Chapter 4.8 --- Phytoextraction and integrated bioextraction --- p.182Chapter 4.9 --- Cementation --- p.184Chapter 4.10 --- Glass encapsulation --- p.185Chapter 4.11 --- "Summary of physical, chemical and biological heavy metal removal treatments" --- p.186Chapter 4.12 --- Future studies --- p.187Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.190Chapter 6 --- References --- p.19