Hypolipidemic, antioxidative and vascular effects of soy leaves (Glycine max L. Merr.).

Ho Hing Man.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-156).Abstracts in English and Chinese.Chapter Chapter 1 --- General introductionChapter 1.1 --- History of soybean --- p.1Chapter 1.2 --- Health benefits of soybean --- p.2Chapter 1.3 --- Introduction to flavonoids --- p.2Chapter 1.4 --- Bioavailability of flavonoids from foods --- p.3Chapter 1.5 --- Pharmacological effects of flavonoids and their glycosides --- p.4Chapter 1.5.1 --- Anticarcinogenic activity --- p.4Chapter 1.5.2 --- Antioxidative activity --- p.7Chapter 1.5.3 --- Cardioprotective activity --- p.9Chapter 1.5.4 --- Osteoprotective activity --- p.10Chapter 1.5.5 --- Neuroprotective activity --- p.12Chapter 1.5.6 --- Antiangiogenic activity --- p.12Chapter 1.6 --- Soy leaves --- p.13Chapter Chapter 2 --- Isolation and purification of kaempferol glycosides and genistin in soy leavesChapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.14Chapter 2.2 --- Objectives --- p.15Chapter 2.3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.16Chapter 2.3.1 --- Extraction and isolation --- p.16Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Preparation of soy leaves butanol extract --- p.16Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Preparation of kaempferol glycosides from soy leaves butanol extract --- p.16Chapter 2.3.2 --- High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis --- p.19Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Sample preparation for the HPLC analysis --- p.19Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- HPLC analysis --- p.19Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- Quantification of the flavonoids and their glycosides --- p.23Chapter 2.3.2.4 --- Change in flavonoids and their glycosides in soy leaves --- p.23Chapter 2.4 --- Results --- p.24Chapter 2.4.1 --- Compound 1 --- p.24Chapter 2.4.2 --- Compound 2 --- p.24Chapter 2.4.3 --- Compound 3 --- p.25Chapter 2.4.4 --- Compound 4 --- p.25Chapter 2.4.5 --- Compound 5 --- p.25Chapter 2.4.6 --- Compound 6 --- p.26Chapter 2.4.7 --- Quantification of flavonoids in soybean and soy leaves --- p.32Chapter 2.4.8 --- Age-dependent changes in flavonoids and their glycosides --- p.32Chapter 2.5 --- Discussion --- p.35Chapter 2.5.1 --- Compound 1 --- p.35Chapter 2.5.2 --- Compound 2 --- p.35Chapter 2.5.3 --- Compound 3 --- p.37Chapter 2.5.4 --- Compound 4 --- p.38Chapter 2.5.5 --- Compound 5 --- p.39Chapter 2.5.6 --- Compound 6 --- p.40Chapter 2.5.7 --- Age-dependent changes in flavonoids and their glycosides --- p.40Chapter Chapter 3 --- Hypolipidemic effects of soy leaves in hamstersChapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.41Chapter 3.1.1 --- Different lipoproteins and their functions --- p.41Chapter 3.1.2 --- Risk factors of cardiovascular disease --- p.42Chapter 3.1.3 --- Animal model --- p.43Chapter 3.2 --- Objectives --- p.44Chapter 3.3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.45Chapter 3.3.1 --- Animals --- p.46Chapter 3.3.2 --- Serum lipid and lipoprotein determinations --- p.46Chapter 3.3.3 --- Determination of cholesterol in the liver and adipose tissue --- p.46Chapter 3.3.4 --- Extraction of neutral and acidic sterols from fecal samples --- p.49Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Determination of neutral sterols --- p.49Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Determination of acidic sterols --- p.50Chapter 3.3.4.3 --- GLC analysis of neutral and acidic sterols --- p.51Chapter 3.3.5 --- Statistics --- p.51Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.54Chapter 3.4.1 --- Growth and food intake --- p.54Chapter 3.4.2 --- "Effects of SLP and SLEE supplementation on serum triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)" --- p.54Chapter 3.4.3 --- Effects ofSLP and SLEE supplementation on non-HDL-C and ratio of non-HDL-C to HDL-C --- p.55Chapter 3.4.4 --- Effects of SLP amd SLEE supplementations on concentration of hepatic cholesterol --- p.58Chapter 3.4.5 --- Effects of SLP and SLEE supplementations on perirenal adipose tissue cholesterol --- p.58Chapter 3.4.6 --- Effects of SLP and SLEE supplementations on fecal neutral and acidic sterols --- p.61Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.64Chapter Chapter 4 --- Effects of soy leaves and its flavonoid glycosides on haemolysis and on LDL oxidationChapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.67Chapter 4.1.1 --- Role of low density lipoprotein oxidation in the development of atherosclerosis --- p.68Chapter 4.1.2 --- LDL oxidation --- p.70Chapter 4.1.3 --- Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as an index of LDL oxidation --- p.71Chapter 4.1.4 --- Antioxidant and LDL oxidation --- p.74Chapter 4.2 --- Objective --- p.75Chapter 4.3 --- Materials and methods --- p.76Chapter 4.3.1 --- Isolation of LDL from human serum --- p.76Chapter 4.3.2 --- LDL oxidation --- p.77Chapter 4.3.3 --- Determine the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) --- p.77Chapter 4.3.4 --- Assay for erythrocyte haemolysis --- p.78Chapter 4.3.5 --- Statistics --- p.79Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.80Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effects of three different soy leaves extracts and flavonoid glycosides on LDL oxidation --- p.80Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effects of three soy leaves extracts and flavonoid glycosides on erythrocyte haemolysis --- p.80Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.85Chapter Chapter 5 --- Relaxing effects of soy leaves and its flavonoidsChapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.89Chapter 5.1.1 --- Smooth muscle contraction --- p.90Chapter 5.1.1.1 --- Sliding filament mechanism --- p.91Chapter 5.1.2 --- Intracellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction --- p.92Chapter 5.1.2.1 --- Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels --- p.92Chapter 5.1.2.2 --- Protein kinase C (PKC) mediated smooth muscle contraction --- p.93Chapter 5.1.2.3 --- Thromboxane A2 receptor-mediated calcium channel --- p.94Chapter 5.2 --- Objectives --- p.96Chapter 5.3 --- Materials and methods --- p.97Chapter 5.3.1 --- Drugs preparation --- p.97Chapter 5.3.2 --- Vessel preparation --- p.97Chapter 5.3.3 --- Contraction experiments --- p.99Chapter 5.3.3.1 --- Relaxant responses of soy leaves butanol extract on the contraction induced by different constrictors --- p.99Chapter 5.3.3.2 --- Relaxant responses of soy leaves butanol extract on U46619 and PGF2a- induced contraction --- p.99Chapter 5.3.3.3 --- "Relaxant responses of genistein, genistin and the kaempferol glycosides on U46619-induced contraction" --- p.100Chapter 5.3.4 --- Statistics --- p.100Chapter 5.4 --- Results --- p.102Chapter 5.4.1 --- Effect of soy leaves butanol extract --- p.102Chapter 5.4.2 --- Role of endothelium in extract-induced relaxation --- p.102Chapter 5.4.3 --- Effect of the soy leaves butanol extract on contractile response to prostaglandins --- p.103Chapter 5.4.4 --- Effects of kaempferol glycosides and kaempferol --- p.111Chapter 5.4.5 --- Effects of genistein and genistin --- p.111Chapter 5.5 --- Discussion --- p.118Chapter Chapter 6 --- Effect of soy leaves on mammary tumorChapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.123Chapter 6.1.1 --- Carcinogenesis --- p.123Chapter 6.1.1.1 --- In itiation --- p.124Chapter 6.1.1.2 --- Promotion --- p.124Chapter 6.1.1.3 --- Progression --- p.125Chapter 6.2 --- Objective --- p.126Chapter 6.3 --- Materials and methods --- p.127Chapter 6.3.1 --- Animal --- p.127Chapter 6.3.2 --- Determination of estrus cycle --- p.128Chapter 6.3.3 --- Statistics --- p.129Chapter 6.4 --- Results --- p.131Chapter 6.4.1 --- Incident rate of tumor induction --- p.131Chapter 6.4.2 --- Number of tumor induced --- p.131Chapter 6.5 --- Discussion --- p.136Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusions --- p.136References --- p.14