Desenvolvimento de produto alimentício sem glúten elaborado a partir da percepção de consumidores celíacos

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência dos Alimentos, Florianópolis, 2014.O único tratamento para a doença celíaca (DC), uma desordem imunomediada sistêmica desencadeada pela ingestão de glúten e prolaminas relacionadas, é a eliminação, em caráter permanente, destas proteínas da dieta. Por apresentar propriedades viscoelásticas ímpares, a remoção do glúten prejudica as características físicas e sensoriais dos produtos de panificação. Desta forma o objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver um produto alimentício sem glúten (SG) a partir da percepção dos indivíduos com DC, de modo a atender as expectativas destes consumidores. Para tanto, realizou-se levantamento de todos os produtos SG disponíveis para comercialização em Florianópolis e avaliou-se a lista de ingredientes, a composição nutricional e o preço dos mesmos. Aplicou-se questionário e realizou-se entrevistas com indivíduos com DC a fim de avaliar sua satisfação com os produtos SG, identificar qual o item considerado mais necessário e quais características este produto deveria apresentar. Por fim, o produto mais desejado foi desenvolvido e análises químicas, físicas, de microestrutura e sensorial foram realizadas. Constatou-se que a disponibilidade e variedade dos produtos SG nos estabelecimentos comerciais era limitada e que os preços eram significantemente superiores aos dos produtos similares tradicionais (com glúten) (p Abstract : The only treatment for celiac disease (CD), an immune-mediated systemic disorder elicited gluten and related prolamins, is to permanently eliminate these proteins from the diet. Because of gluten's unique viscoelastic properties, removing it from bread and bakery products harms the physical characteristics and sensorial experience of such products. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a gluten free (GF) product based on people's perception with CD, so that the expectations of these consumers could be met. In order to do so, we made a survey of all GF products available for sale in Florianópolis and made an evaluation of the ingredients, the nutritional values and prices of these products. Subsequently, a questionnaire was written and interviews were conducted with CD suffers for the purpose of assessing their level of satisfaction with the GF products and to identify which items were considered more appropriate and which features should be present in these products. Once the desired product was developed an analysis was carried out of chemical and physical properties (specific volume, weight loss, colour, texture) plus an investigation of the microstructure and the sensory experience. It was found that the availability and variety of GF products sold in shops was limited and prices were significantly higher than those of traditional counterparts (with gluten) (p < 0.05). With regard to nutritional value it was equivalent to the traditional products, however, significantly lower amounts of fibre and protein (p < 0.05) were identified in the GF products. The diversity of raw materials in GF products was limited to five varieties. Regarding the stages of the research with the celiac consumer, 91 individuals completed the questionnaire. The lack of variety, low availability and high prices, as well as the social restrictions imposed by the diet, were the factors that generated greater dissatisfaction and difficulties in following the diet. According to the interviewees the sensory characteristics are the most important variable in a product, and the product they wanted to see developed was bread. The characteristics of this bread were described in interviews with 21 individuals. According to the participants the ideal bread should have similar characteristics to traditional French bread, such as: being textured with crunchy crust and soft crumb, as well as availability in individual portions. Regarding these two characteristics two formulations of GF bread were developed: one using amaranth (F1) flour and the other quinoa flour (F2), both with additional xanthan gum. Another three formulations were prepared to serve as control. The addition of pseudocereals significantly (p <0.05) increased the fibre and protein content of bread F1. Xanthan gum significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the bread's levels of hardness, gumminess and chewiness as well as improving the microstructure, providing more uniformity and a bigger quantity of alveoli. The sensory analysis was conducted with 41 individuals with CD and received a high acceptance of the product. The GF products available on the market do not meet the expectations of individuals with CD. The scarcity of goods, coupled with high prices can compromise treatment adherence. The use of amaranth and quinoa, as well as the addition of xanthan gum, enabled the production of GF bread with a standard quality, higher nutritional value and good consumer acceptability