Anemia, stress, and mortality in an historic Portuguese skeletal sample

Thesis (M.A., Anthropology)--California State University, Sacramento, 2013.This study is an investigation of cribra orbitalia and porotic hyperostosis as indicators of stress and adaptation in an historic Portuguese skeletal sample housed at the Bocage Museum in Lisbon, Portugal. The sample used from the Luis Lopes collection (n=540) originates from modern cemetery sources and is comprised of individuals with basic demographic data. Application of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Kruskal Wallis rank sum tests illustrate complex patterns of incidence and severity of expression across sex, age-at-death, and cause of death categories. This study addressed the inherent problems in inferring past health from archaeological skeletal samples outlined in the Osteological Paradox (Wood et al. 1992), by drawing conclusions using a known demographic sample to alleviate unknowns. A Gompertz Hazard model supplements findings yielded from statistical analyses.Anthropolog