Plasticization of PVC: Covalently Linked Plasticizers Using Thermal or Copper-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloadditions

One of the most effective approaches to avoid migration of plasticizer from PVC material is to covalently attach the plasticizer to the polymer. In this thesis the plasticizers are attached to PVC using (2+3) azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. In the first approach, PVC was modified by covalently linking triazole anologue of the most common phthalate plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl phthalate) (DEHP). Copper-free azide-alkyne (2+3) cycloaddition reaction of PVC-azide with electron-poor acetylene dicarboxylate is utilized to modify PVC. The glass transition temperature of the modified PVC was lower than the glass transition temperature of the unmodified PVC indicating successful plasticization. The derivatives of DEHP are covalently bonded to PVC using either thermal or copper-catalyzed (2+3) azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Two DEHP derivatives bearing a tether ending with a terminal alkyne were synthesized and covalently bonded to PVC. The derivative with ether-alkyne undergoes cycloaddition with PVC-azide under copper-catalyzed conditions whereas ester-alkyne derivative undergoes Huisgen thermal cycloaddition. The investigation of glass transition temperatures of these modified PVC samples indicate that the ether-alkyne derivative is more efficient in imparting plasticization to PVC compared to ester-alkyne derivative. Although bulk of this thesis work is on the plasticization of PVC, a part of this thesis deals with the synthesis and spin-trapping properties of polymer-supported trifluoromethylated cyclic nitrones for the detection of free radicals on the aerosol particles. Polystyrene tethered with fluorinated nitrone spin-trap is used as a solid phase in the continuous flow NMR and EPR study of free radicals. Three fluorinated alkoxyamine initiators are synthesized and used to study the effect of adding carbon dioxide-philic fluorinated fragment in the nitroxide-mediated precipitation polymerizations of styrene in supercritical carbon dioxide. Two alkoxyamines have fluorinated functional handles built on the nitroxide part of the alkoxyamine whereas the third initiator has fluorinated functional handle on the benzyl-initiating fragment of the alkoxyamine. The partitioning of fluorinated nitroxide derivatives in supercritical carbon dioxide impacts on the controlled/living character and broadening of the molecular weight distributions but does not have any significant effect on the rate of precipitation polymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide