Bone metastatic prostate cancer : an overview of cell signaling, novel cell culture environment, and a push for cross-investigator collaboration

Prostate cancer (CaP) continues to be the second leading causes of male cancer mortality in the United States despite our efforts to mitigate the cancer via better screening techniques and cancer management. Due to clinical advancements more men are diagnosed at an earlier, organ-confined, stage of prostate cancer decreasing the rate of metastatic disease to 4%. Nonetheless, metastatic disease is still a significant risk factor for those men who are not cured of the organ-confined disease. The treatment of recurrent prostate cancer usually consists of Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT), followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy if the cancer becomes resistive and non-responding. Unfortunately, many bone metastasized prostate cancer cells become resistant to ADT and eventually leave no viable treatment options. Even more shocking is the fact that 100% of men who died of prostate cancer had bone metastases