Some questions about yád in Vedic

This paper considers two problems: the placement of the complementizer yád within the sentence and the functional value of yád in Vedic. As for the first point, it will be noted that the complementizer yád, like other subordinating conjunctions in some ancient and modern Indo-European languages, can be preceded by a topicalized or a focalized phrase in its clause. In particular, in the Ṛgveda there are many cases where yád is preceded by an element which seems to have moved from inside the sentence, and also cases where it is preceded by the inflected verb. With regard to the second point, some cases will be discussed showing the use of yád to introduce clauses governed by verbs of saying and knowing (not only in the Chāndogya-Upaniṣad and the Kaṭha-Upaniṣad, but also in the Ṛgveda) and a possible syntactic analysis of these structures