Do poor and rich vote differently?

There is extant literature documenting the unequal representation of the interests of economically defined groups in democracies. One of the potential explanations for this phenomenon resides in the electoral behavior of different groups of voters. If more affluent citizens base their vote decision more strongly on policy considerations while the less affluent rely on more unconditional forms of electoral support, this pattern could influence the ability of political elites to represent the poor as well as their willingness to do. We make use of the integrated CSES to study how income affects the way in which voters rely on different voting heuristics like proximity voting, valence considerations and economic voting in their electoral choice across a diverse set of countries. Our findings suggest that these different considerations are used to similar extents by all income groups and no major differences exist in which cues poor and rich use when called to the voting booth. These findings have important implications for the literature on unequal responsiveness as they rule out one common narrative