Ionospheric perturbation: a review of equatorial plasma bubble in the ionosphere

Ionospheric irregularities including the Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPB), equatorial anomaly, equatorial electrojet and Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances (TID). This paper reviews the irregularities in the ionosphere focused on the EPB. EPB has drawn great interest due to the severe effects of the communications and satellite-based navigation system. There is a massive study conducted by the past researchers mainly in two different approaches. Firstly, to observe and investigate the morphology of EPB phenomena. Secondly, to determine and model how this may affect the system works. Furthermore, it is important to understand the EPB in order to mitigate any constraints that can affect the precision and integrity of communications and satellite-based navigation system