Real laboratory, virtual laboratory or remote laboratory: what is the most efficient way?

This paper presents an analytical chemistry experiment using a headspace gas-chromatograph (GC). The same experiment is first realized in a classical way (the student must come to the lab), then in virtual mode (all the experiment is simulated), and finally in remote control mode (the student is able to control the experiment from a remote computer). Choosing the appropriate mode not only requires analyzing the financial and technological aspects, but also the knowledge and competences acquired by the student during the lab session. Requirements, technologies, and results are discussed for each mode