Charging Infrastructures for Electrified Buses: Comparison of Overnight, Opportunity and Flash Charging

Because of increasing awareness amongst people that 퐶푂2 emissions are impacting our environment and climate negatively, governments around the world are taking an increasing amount of measures to try and mitigate this. The transportation sector is identified as one of the sectors whose pollution will only grow in the future. This particular sector also offers lots of possibilities for improvement, particularly the public transport sector. European governments are moving towards an entire zeroemission fleet by 2030. This requires a rapid electrification of the current public transport infrastructure. A feasibility study is performed to determine if a overnight charging system, opportunity charging system or flash charging system can be implemented in the city of Arnhem. First the energy consumption is estimated by taking into account route and temperature variations. This is used to estimate the number of buses overnight charging system would need. Next the system is expanded to a opportunity charging system where the location of chargers, the number of chargers and the charge power are evaluated. Also, strategies for extreme weather conditions are evaluated. Next the system is further expanded into a flash charging system to evaluate charge power with the addition of more chargers. Finally a preliminary cost analysis is performed. A overnight charging system would require quadruple the amount of regular buses. A opportunity charging system with two charger is sufficient to service the route without extra vehicles. A flash charging system offers no real benefit beyond opportunity, marginally better battery capacity against more chargers. The cost analysis shows the 2 and 3 charger opportunity charging systems as the most cost efficient