Angina pectoris: how has the clinical presentation evolved? Is it still the same today as it was several years ago?

Angina pectoris is the most common manifestation of myocardial ischaemia and is often a consequence of coronary artery disease (CAD). Coronary angiography revolutionised the diagnosis and management of CAD but it also demonstrated the limited understanding of anginal symptoms if only structural abnormalities are considered. Furthermore, the presence of anginal symptoms has a significant impact on patient quality of life and prognosis independently of the presence of obstructive CAD. This paper will present the evolution of angina pectoris, from its historical descriptions to a contemporary holistic perspective where patient health status is considered.Rosanna Tavella, John F Beltram