Quantifying Tectonic and Glacial Controls on Topography in the Patagonian Andes (46.5°S) From Integrated Thermochronometry and Thermo-Kinematic Modeling

The Patagonian Andes have been used to illustrate the dependency of major topographic changes in response to glacial erosion processes dominating over tectonic deformation and uplift. Here, we investigate tectonic and glacial contributors to the erosion history and evolution of topography in the Patagonian Andes at 46.5°S. We present 33 new apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He (AHe and ZHe, respectively) and fission track (AFT and ZFT, respectively) ages integrated with 46 previously published bedrock thermochronometric ages in a 3D thermo-kinematic model. Observed thermochronometer ages increase from the eastern flank of the topographic crest of the orogen toward the eastern retro-foreland basin (from AFT 4–10 Ma, ZHe 4–12 Ma, ZFT 6–14 Ma to AFT 28–32 Ma, ZHe 68–117 Ma). Thermo-kinematic modeling indicates that spatial gradients in thermochronometric ages can be explained by an up to 100-km-wide, parabolic-shaped pattern in exhumation rates with a maximum rate of 0.5 mm/yr from 15 Ma until the onset of glaciation at ∼7 Ma. Furthermore, model results suggest that the youngest AHe ages require a localized acceleration in erosion from ∼0.5 mm/yr to ∼2.2 mm/yr starting between ∼5 and ∼3 Ma, coeval with intensified glaciation and subduction of the Chile Rise. Our results suggest that the long-wavelength (∼100 km) topography and erosion patterns are likely controlled by rock uplift above mid-crustal ramp(s) and subsequent transpression along the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault. Superposed on these tectonic processes, Late Cenozoic glaciation resulted in localized and accelerated erosion over wavelengths of