Analisis Kualitas Udara Ambien (Dust particulate) terhadap Penyakit Pernapasan ISPA di Kecamatan Manyar Kabupaten Gresik tahun 2013-2015

Abstrak Hasil rekapan data dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) mengenai jumlah penderita wabah epidemi/endemi tahun 2013 dan 2014 di Kecamatan Manyar menunjukkan ISPA merupakan gejala penyakit yang paling banyak diderita masyarakat kecamatan Manyar dengan jumlah penderita sebesar 2.676 penderita, lebih tinggi jumlahnya dari penderita wabah muntah berak (muntaber) sebesar 1.087 penderita dan Demam Berdarah (DB) yang berjumlah 62 penderita. Penderita ISPA di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Sukomulyo Kecamatan Manyar meliputi Desa Sukomulyo, Desa Yosowilangun, Desa Roomo, Desa Suci dan Desa Tebalo berjumlah total 1.069 penderita. Jumlah tersebut cukup tinggi mengingat desa-desa tersebut berjarak cukup dekat dengan jalan raya dan industri sehingga diduga hal tersebut menjadi pencetus dari penyakit ISPA pada masyarakat di desa-desa tersebut. Tingkat konsentrasi dust particulate yang tinggi dapat mengakibatkan pencemaran udara yang mencetuskan penyakit ISPA. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui gambaran Kualitas Udara Ambien (dust particulate) terhadap penyakit gangguan pernapasan ISPA Kecamatan Manyar, Kabupaten Gresik tahun 2013-2015. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian survei. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan cara dokumentasi dan literatur. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling yaitu penentuan sampel dipilih dengan sengaja berdasarkan keputusan subyektif peneliti. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa rata-rata konsentrasi dust particulate/ partikel debu yang pengukurannya dilakukan di sepanjang Jalan Raya Sukomulyo, Manyar, Gresik sebesar 27,82 µg/m3 melebihi baku mutu yang telah ditetapkan. Jumlah penyakit pernapasan ISPA di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Sukomulyo Kecamatan Manyar kabupaten Gresik yang meliputi Desa Sukomulyo, Desa Yosowilangun, Desa Roomo, Desa Suci dan Desa Tebalo mengalami tren cenderung meningkat. Rata-rata penyakit ISPA tahun 2013 mencapai nilai sebesar 33,2 atau 18 persen. Tahun 2014 rata-rata penyakit pernapasan ISPA mencapai 34 persen dan pada tahun 2015 rata-rata penyakit pernapasan ISPA di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Sukomulyo kecamatan manyar naik menjadi 88 atau 48 persen. Gambaran kemungkinan meningkatnya penyakit pernapasan ISPA yang terjadi disebabkan oleh faktor selain dari dust particulate/partikel debu dikarenakan terdapat pada suatu periode hasil pengukuran partikel debu mengalami penurunan, namun jumlah penyakit pernapasan ISPA justru mengalami peningkatan. Peningkatan jumlah penyakit pernapasan ISPA dalam kasus ini diduga bukan oleh sebab pencemaran udara berupa dust particulate/partikel debu melainkan faktor selain dari pencemaran udara seperti faktor individu atau faktor perilaku dari penderita ISPA. Kata Kunci : Dust particulate, penyakit pernapasan ISPA, analisis deskriptif kuantitatif   Abstract                 The data from statistics of Manyar about epidemi/endemi illnes patterns in 2013 and 2014 at Manyar showed Acute Respiratory tract Infection (ARI) illness was the most common symptoms of the illness afflicting the community of Manyar subdistrict with 2.676 sufferer even higher the number of outbreaks of vomiting diarrhea with 1.087 sufferers and dengue fever with 62 sufferers. ARI sufferers in the working region of Sukomulyo Subdistrict health centers, Manyar which included Sukomulyo Village, Yosowilangun Village, Roomo Village and Tebalo Village were 1.069 sufferers. That number was quite high due to the villages was close to the highway and the industry so predictably it becomes cause of ARI illness on communities in the villages. High concentrations of dust particulate levels could result in air pollution that triggers Acute Respiratory tract Infection (ARI) illness. This research aims to know  the description of dust particulate against respiratory disease in manyar subdistrict, gresik at 2013 to 2015.  The type of the research was a survey. The technique of data collection was using documentation and literature. Sampling techniques used was a purposive sampling method, namely the determination of the sample selected deliberately on the basis subjective decision researchers. Technique of data analysis using quantitative descriptive analysis. The results of the research showed that average concentrations of dust particulate on measurement was done along highway Sukomulyo, Manyar, Gresik of 27.82 µg/m3 exceeding the predetermined quality raw. The number of ARI illnesses in the region Sukomulyo Subdistrict health center of Manyar Gresik that included the Sukomulyo Village, Yosowilangun Village, Roomo Village and Tebalo Village were experiencing a trend of an increased number of ARI illness. Average of ARI illness by 2013 achieved value amounted to 33,2 or 18 percent. In 2014 the average of ARI illness reached 34 percent and in 2015 the average of ARI illness in working region Sukomulyo Subdistrict health centers increased to 88 or 48 percent. The description of the possible caused increasing ARI illness by factors other than dust particulates because it was on a period of measurement results of dust particulate decreased but the number of ARI illness increased. There was a rising possibility of a picture of ARI illness that occured were caused by factors other than dust particulate. This was  because there was  period of measurement results dust particulates that decreased but the number of ARI illness increased. In this case the possibility of a number of ARI illnesses increased was not because of air pollution in the form of dust particulate but other factors such as individual factors or behavior of the sufferers factors of ARI illness. Key words: Dust particulate, ARI illness, quantitative descriptive analysi