Role of Endothelial progenitor cells in angiogenesis with the approach of physical activity

Introduction Background and Objectives: The vascular endothelium represents a dynamic boundary between the circulation and the surrounding tissue. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can move from the bone marrow to the systemic circulation through a variety of stimuli, including ischemia and exercise, to help maintain endothelial health and enhance the angiogenesis process. These cells can improve the function of ischemic organs by inducing angiogenesis mediators in places with low oxygen storage or by stimulating the regeneration of damaged vascular endothelial cells. In this review study, signaling pathways, stimuli, and factors affecting the production and activation of endothelial progenitor cells in normal and in exercise mode will be investigated. This paper describes the role of these cells in angiogenesis, reviewing articles from 1998 to 2015 on the cascade of endothelial progenitor cells and articles about the effect of physical activity on these cells. The results indicate that endothelial progenitor cells have an important role in the development of angiogenesis. There are two initial and delayed subsets for EPCs that delayed EPCs have the potential to differentiate into endothelial cells. Initial EPCs have more potential to promote vascular repair through paracrine. And in all stages of invoking, deployment, invasion, and differentiation of these cells, the various subunits of intrigines are of great importance. Various factors, such as testosterone, palmitate, TNF-α, and physical activity, affect the accumulation of EPCs. Regular physical activity, especially aerobic activity, depending on the intensity and duration of exercise, improves the function of these cell