In this thesis, the focus is on wave propagation in periodic microstructured media in the presence of interfaces. The dynamic homogenization of these media and the design of the microstructures to achieve a given macroscopic effect are studied. In a first part, homogenization and optimization are carried out for thin microstructured layers. In a second part, the homogenization of periodic microstructures in all spatial dimensions is addressed. The first part concerns the case where the heterogeneities constitute a periodic row of inclusions immersed in a homogeneous matrix. When the physical parameters of the inclusions are strongly contrasted with those of the matrix, internal resonances can occur and be used to maximise acoustic absorptio...