Multifunctional properties of textile materials modified with titanium dioxide nanoparticles

U teorijskom delu teze predstavljene su mogućnosti modifikovanja tekstilnih materijala različitim nanočesticama. Dat je pregled literature o primeni nanočestica TiO2 na tekstilne materijale, kao i o mogućnostima modifikovanja tekstilnih materijala u cilju boljeg vezivanja nanočestica TiO2. Objašnjeni su mehanizmi dejstva nanočestica TiO2 na mikroorganizme, obojene nečistoće i efekat UV zaštite. Takođe je objašnjeno dejstvo nanočestica srebra na fotokatalitičku aktivnost nanočestica TiO2. Opisani su do sada korišćeni postupci za sintezu koloidnih nanočestica TiO2 različitih oblika i kristaliničnosti. U eksperimentalnom delu teze, ispitana je mogućnost modifikovanja poliestrskih (PES) i pamučnih (Co) tkanina koloidnim nanočesticama TiO2 u cilju dobijanja nanokompozitnih tekstilnih materijala sa multifunkcionalnim svojstvima. Da bi se poboljšala efikasnost vezivanja hidrofilnih koloidnih nanočestica TiO2 za PES i Co vlakna, površine ovih tkanina su prethodno aktivirane korona pražnjenjem na atmosferskom pritisku i RF plazmom na niskom pritisku. Funkcionalizacija površine PES vlakna je vršena i biopolimerom alginatom i poliakrilnom kiselinom. Ispitani su i efekti koji se na PES i Co tkaninama postižu kombinovanom obradom koloidnim nanočesticama TiO2 i srebra. Antibakterijska aktivnost PES i Co tkanina modifikovanih koloidnim nanočesticama TiO2 je ispitana prema Gram-negativnoj bakteriji Escherichia coli. Antimikrobna efikasnost materijala modifikovanih koloidnim nanočesticama TiO2 i srebra je ispitana prema Gram-negativnoj bakteriji E. coli, Gram-pozitivnoj bakteriji Staphylococcus aureus i kvascu Candida albicans. Odlična i na pranje postojana baktericidna efikasnost je postignuta kod PES i Co tkanina koje su pre obrade nanočesticama TiO2 modifikovane koronom ili RF plazmom. Takođe je utvrđeno da prethodna aktivacija površine PES tkanina alginatom i poliakrilnom kiselinom utiče na poboljšanje antibakterijske aktivnosti tkanina modifikovanih nanočesticama TiO2. Ustanovljeno je da se obradom PES i Co tkanina koloidnim nanočesticama TiO2 i srebra obezbeđuju izuzetna antimikrobna svojstva. PES i Co tkanine modifikovane nanočesticama TiO2 postižu maksimalan nivo UV zaštite koji se zadržava i nakon pet ciklusa pranja. Odlična svojstva samočišćenja obojenog zaprljanja od soka od borovnice su uočena kod tkanina koje su pre obrade nanočesticama TiO2 modifikovane koronom ili plazmom. Ustanovljeno je da nanočestice TiO2 deponovane na PES i Co tkaninama pokazuju izuzetnu fotokatalitičku aktivnost i nakon tri ciklusa fotodegradacije vodenog rastvora boje metilensko plavo. Poboljšanje antimikrobnih efekata, UV zaštite i fotokatalitičke aktivnosti nakon prethodnog modifikovanja tkanina je direktna posledica povećane efikasnosti vezivanja nanočestica srebra na aktiviranoj površini PES i Co vlakana što je utvrđeno XPS i AAS analizom.In the theoretical part of this thesis, the potentials of different nanoparticles to modify the textile materials are discussed. A review of possible applications of TiO2 nanoparticles onto textile materials is given. Potential modifications of textile materials in order to enhance the binding efficiency of TiO2 nanoparticles are described in detail. The mechanisms of TiO2 action on microorganisms, coloured stains and UV protection effect are discussed. Additionally, the influence of silver nanoparticles on photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles was considered. Special emphasis has been given to developed routes for the synthesis of colloidal TiO2 nanoparticles of different shapes and crystallinities. In the experimental part of this thesis, the possibility of modification of polyester (PES) and cotton (Co) fabrics with colloidal TiO2 nanoparticles in order to develop the nanocomposite textile materials with multifunctional properties was studied. In order to enhance the binding efficiency of hydrophilic colloidal TiO2 nanoparticles to PES and Co fibres, the surface of these fabrics was activated by corona at atmospheric pressure and RF plasma at low pressures. PES fibres were also functionalized with biopolymer alginate and polyacrylic acid. The effects of combined treatment of PES and Co fabrics with TiO2 and silver nanoparticles were examined. Antibacterial activity of PES and Co fabrics modified with colloidal TiO2 nanoparticles was tested against Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia Coli. Antimicrobial activity of PES and Co fabrics modified with colloidal TiO2 and silver nanoparticles was tested against Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia Coli, Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococus Aureus and fungus Candida Albicans. It was found that PES and Co fabrics modified by corona and RF plasma prior to loading of colloidal TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited excellent antimicrobial properties and adequate laundering durability. PES fabrics treated with alginate and polyacrylic acid and subsequently loaded with colloidal TiO2 nanoparticles also provided desirable level of antibacterial activity. PES and Co fabrics modified with TiO2 nanoparticles reached the maximum level of UV protection that was preserved after five washing cycles. The self-cleaning effects tested on blueberry juice stains and photodegradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution confirmed the excellent photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles deposited onto fibre surface. The results indicated that corona and RF plasma treatment of PES and Co fabrics prior to loading of TiO2 nanoparticles provided enhanced antibacterial, UV protective, self-cleaning and photocatalytic properties. This was due to improved binding efficiency of TiO2 nanoparticles which was proved by XPS and AAS