Optimization of construction measures for reducing heating energy demand in residential buildings

Sektor zgradarstva je najveći pojedinačni potrošač energije. Unapređenje energetske efikasnosti u zgradarstvu jedna je od najšire promovisanih mera za smanjenje eksploatacije neobnovljivih izvora energije i ublažavanje klimatskih promena kroz smanjenje emisije ugljen-dioksida. Ultimativni cilj treba da bude povećanje efikasnosti korišćenja energije i usporavanje rasta ukupne proizvedene energije, što zasigurno dovodi do ublažavanja klimatskih promena. Predmet istraživanja u ovoj disertaciji jeste energetska efikasnost u stambenim zgradama u delu koji se odnosi na smanjenje potrebne energije za grejanje. Uže gledano, predmet istraživanja su: (1) metode za proračun i procenu toplotnih gubitaka termičkog omotača zgrade u nestacionarnim uslovima prenosa toplote; i (2) višekriterijumski modeli za izbor i ocenu energetske efikasnosti građevinskih mera kod izgradnje novih ili energetske sanacije postojećih zgrada. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se definiše model koji bi davao podršku projekt menadžeru u procesu donošenja odluke vezane za izbor optimalnog rešenja pri izgradnji novih objekata ili rekonstrukciju postojećih, pri tome sagledavajući investicionu odluku sa više aspekata imajući u vidu i zahteve velikog broja zainteresovanih strana, kako u kratkoročnom tako i u dugoročnom periodu. U cilju ostvarenja postavljenog zadatka prvo je razvijen originalan precizan matematički model koji opisuje fizički proces razmene toplote između objekta i okoline, a koji dalje predstavlja osnov za pouzdan proračun troškova u periodu eksploatacije, definisanje mogućeg termalnog komfora u objektu kao i procenu uticaja objekta na životnu sredinu. S obzirom na postavljene ciljeve istraživanja, u disertaciji su prezentovana dva rezultata: (1) razvijen je novi pristup za određivanje svih relevantnih dinamičkih termičkih veličina koje služe za procenu prenosa toplote kroz građevinske elemente netransparentnog dela fasade i ocenu toplotnog komfora u zgradama i (2) razvijen je višekriterijumski model za optimizaciju izbora građevinskih mera koji u sebi, pored energetskih, finansijskih i ekoloških parametara, sadrži i dinamičke termičke parametre kao kriterijume za ocenu toplotnog komfora u zgradama...Building sector is the largest individual energy consumer. Increasing energy efficiency of buildings is one of the most widely promoted measure for reducing exploitation of non-renewable energy sources and mitigating climate changes through carbon dioxide emission reduction. The ultimate goal should be to increase the efficiency of energy use and the slowdown in overall energy produced, which certainly leads to climate change mitigation. The subject of research in this dissertation was energy efficiency in the residential building sector, in particular, the reduction of energy demand for heating. Narrowly seen, the subject of research was: (1) methods for calculating and estimating heat losses through the building’s thermal envelope in non-stationary conditions of heat transfer and (2) multi-criteria decision-making models for evaluating the energy efficiency of building construction measures for new or existing residential buildings. The aim of the research was to define a model that will support a decision-making process that project manager passes when making an optimal decision regarding the construction of new buildings or the refurbishment of old ones, respecting a large number of stakeholder requirements that project manager must deal with and considering many aspects of the investment in the short and long term. The task was to develop an original precise mathematical model describing the physical process of heat exchange between the building and the environment, which further provides the basis for a reliable calculation of the costs related to energy consumption incurred during the exploitation phase, the assessment of the achieved thermal comfort in the building as well as the assessment of the environmental impact of the building. Having in mind the stated research objectives, two resultes have been presented in the dissertation: (1) a novel approach has been developed for the determination of all relevant dynamic thermal caracteristics used to estimate heat transfer through the opaque components of the building envelope in a dynamic regime and the assessment of thermal comfort in the building and (2) a multi-criteria decision-making model has been developed for the selection of optimal construction measures that, in addition to energy, financial and environmental parameters, implies the introduction of dynamic thermal parameters as criteria for assessing thermal comfort in buildings..