Primacy and synodality in the Church from the Fourth Lateran Council to the Second Vatican Council

Na početku ukratko su protumačeni pojmovi primat i sinodalnost kako su danas shvaćeni i prakticirani u Katoličkoj Crkvi. Slijedi potom analiza procesa teološkog i kanonskog sazrijevanja ovih dvaju eklezioloških koncepata i njihove primjene u praksi. To započinje s vremenom Inocenta III., odnosno s Četvrtim lateranskim saborom (1215.) i njegovim „Constitutiones“ kojima je potvrđen primat rimske biskupske stolice. U nastavku se podsjeća na teoriju o dva mača te na problematiku odnosa ideje koncilijarizma i primata tijekom 15. stoljeća, a posebice na dokumente sabora u Konstanzu i onoga u Firenci, koji su se bavili ovom tematikom. U vezi s tim pitanjem spomenuta su i dvojica ondašnjih hrvatskih teologa: Ivan Stojković i Markantun de Dominis. Tridentski sabor se nije izravno bavio ovim pitanjima, ali je na neizravan način svojim zaključcima i kasnijim njihovim provođenjem uvelike doprinio utvrđivanju primata rimskoga biskupa naspram galikanskih zamisli iz Francuske, njemačkog episkopalizma i pokreta restauracije koji se u Europi počeo širiti nakon prestanka napoleonskoga razdoblja. U razdoblju poslije Prvoga vatikanskoga sabora i njegove dogmatske definicije primata, zakonska pojašnjenja o odnosu primata i sinodalnosti donio je „Zakonik kanonskoga prava“ (1917.), čije su odredbe bile na snazi sve do obnove koja je proizašla iz Drugoga vatikanskog sabora. Na kraju prikaza navodi se misao Ivana Pavla II. koji je osjećao da ima posebnu odgovornost radi pronalaženja takva oblika vršenja primata koji bi se otvorio novoj situaciji, ne odričući se nikako bitnoga u tom poslanjuAt the beginning of this article, the terms primacy and synodality are briefly explained, along with the manner in which they are understood and practiced today in the Catholic Church. This is followed by an analysis of the theological and juridical maturation of these two terms and their practical application. The analysis begins with Innocent III, under whom, with the Constitutiones of the Fourth Lateran Council (1215), the primacy of the bishop of Rome was asserted. The article goes on to consider the theory of “two swords”, and the problem of the relationship between the idea of conciliarism and primacy during the fifteenth century, especially in the documents of the Council of Constance and the Council of Florence, which focused on this topic. In relation to this question, two Croatian theologians of the period are cited: Ivan Stojković and Markantun de Dominis. The Council of Trent did not directly consider these questions, but contributed indirectly, through its conclusions and the later implementation of its conclusions, to the broad confirmation of the primacy of the bishop of Rome against Gallican ideas in France, against German episcopalism and against the renewal movement that spread in Europe after the Napoleonic era. In the period of the First Vatican Council and its dogmatic definition of primacy, Canon Law (1917) introduced juridical clarifications of the relationship between primacy and synodality that remained in force until the renewal that emerged from the Second Vatican Council. At the end of the article, the author considers the thinking of John Paul II, who felt a particular responsibility for finding a solution to the application of papal primacy that could be open to new situations without abandoning the claim to primacy itself. In his encyclical letter Ut unum sint he writes: “When the Catholic Church claims that the function of the bishop of Rome corresponds to Christ’s will, the Catholic Church does not separate that function from the mission appointed to bishops as a whole, since they are also ‘vicars and delegates of Christ’”. The bishop of Rome belongs to their assembly, and they are his brothers in service