Body, Society, Space: The Experience of Blind Persons in Zagreb

U radu se izlažu neki od rezultata istraživanja zasnovanoga na intervjuima sa slijepim i slabovidnim osobama u Zagrebu. Rasprava pokazuje da je iskustvo slijepe osobe u javnim prostorima grada dio interakcije između njezina vlastita tijela, fizičkih obilježja urbanoga okoliša te dominirajućih društvenih diskursa o slijepima. U toj su interakciji društveno i tjelesno uzajamno povezani. U prvome dijelu rada razmatra se prostorno-vremenska dimenzija mobilnosti slijepih osoba u urbanom prostoru. Analiza je pokazala da gradska struktura, uređenje i infrastruktura, koji su oblikovani primarno za osobe bez tjelesnih oštećenja, utječu na prostorno-vremenske modele kretanja slijepih, što se iskazuje u svođenju kretanja na ograničen broj ruta i u vremenskim ritmovima koji su usklađeni s tijelom, s njegovim limitima i mogućnostima. U drugome se dijelu rad fokusira na stereotipe. Autorica dolazi do zaključka da se u uobičajenim stereo­tipima o slijepima: a) identitet slijepe osobe svodi na njezinu sljepoću, b) slijepima se pripisuju neke “neobične” karakteristike, c) podcjenjuje se sposobnost slijepih da samostalno obavljaju svakodnevne stvari, d) nesposobnost osobe da vidi generalizira se u pretpostavku njezine opće nesposobnosti. Pritom se stereotipi, koji tjelesno obilježje prerađuju u društveni imaginarij, materijaliziraju u obliku društvenih prepreka s kojima se suočavaju slijepi. Rezultati rada argumenti su za model invaliditeta koji bi prepoznavao realnost tijela s fizičkim oštećenjem, a pritom bi osiguravao pravedan i nediskriminatoran društveni okvir u kojem bi se sposobnosti osoba s invaliditetom mogle slobodno realizirati.This article presents selected results of an interview study conducted with blind and visually impaired persons in Zagreb. It demonstrates that the experience of a blind person in the public spaces of a city is part of the interaction between the person’s own body, the physical characteristics of the urban environment and the dominating social discourses about blind persons. In this interaction, the social and the bodily are interconnected. The first part of the paper discusses the spatiotemporal dimension of mobility of blind persons in an urban space. The analysis shows that the city structure, its design, infrastructure, which have primarily been designed for people without physical disabilities, influence the spatiotemporal models of the movement of blind persons, which is reflected in the fact that their movement is restricted to a limited number of routes and time rhythms which are in consonance with the body and its limitations and possibilities. In the second part, the article focuses on stereotypes. The following characteristics of widespread stereotypes about blind persons emerge: a) the stereotype that identity of a blind person is limited to his/her blindness; b) the stereotypical attribution of certain “unusual” characteristics to blind persons; c) the stereotypical underestimation of the ability of blind persons to complete everyday tasks; d) and a stereotypical generalization of the blind person’s inability to see into the assumption about his/her general inability. These stereotypes which transform a bodily characteristic into social imagery materialize as social obstacles which blind persons face. These conclusions are arguments in favor of a model of disability that would recognize the reality of a body with physical disabilities, at the same time ensuring a just and nondiscriminatory social frame in which the abilities of persons with disabilities could be freely realized