FOOD AND NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS FOR KIDNEY DISEASE

Uvod: Najčešće bolesti bubrega su akutna i hronična upala ili nefritis, upala intersticija bubrega, nefrotski sindrom, bubrežni kamenci, degenerativne bolesti bubrega i bubrežni tumori. Pored općih načela pravilne prehrane kod bubreznih bolesti neophodno je voditi računa o unosu minerala, proteina i vode. Restriktivne dijete moraju biti individualno prilagođene svakom pacijentu i sprovedene uz liječnički nadzor. Danas se na tržištu nalaze i dodaci prehrani namijenjeni pacijentima koji boluju od bolesti bubrega. Cilj rada i metodologija: Cilj rada je bio prikupiti, sistematizirati i analizirati raspoložive literaturne podatke i preporuke o prehrani i vodičima prehrane kod bolesti bubrega, te utvrditi koji dodaci prehrani se nalaze u apotekama, a namijenjeni su pacijentima koji boluju od bolesti bubrega. Na osnovu raspoloživih znanstvenih i stručnih izvora opisana je prehrana i vodiči prehrane kod bolesti bubrega. Za prikupljanje podataka o dodacima prehrani koji se mogu naći u apotekama korišten je upitni list, na osnovu kojeg je izvršeno anketiranje magistara farmacije. Upitni list se sastoji od 6 pitanja koja se odnose na dodatke prehrani kod upale glomerula (glomerulonefritis), upale bubrega (pijelonefritis) i bubrežnog kamenca. U istraživanju je bilo uključeno 8 apoteka na području Tuzle. Rezultati: Prehrana kod bubrežnog kamenca zavisi od vrste kamenca koji se stvara. Zajednička preporuka za sve vrste je uzimanje što više tekućine. Prehrana kod upale glomerula i upale bubrega podrazumijeva izjegavanje namirnica sa visokim sadržajem proteina, kalija, natrija i fosfora, te povećan unos kalcija. Od biljnih preparata kod upale se preporučuje čaj od plodova brusnice, uve i preslice. Dodaci prehrani koji se mogu koristiti kod bubrežnih bolesti nalaze se u obliku različitih farmacutskih formi u gotovo svim apotekama. U praksi najčešći dodaci prehrani koji se propisuju ili preporučuju bolesnicima sa bubrežnim tegobama su biljni pripravci a rjeđe vitamini i minerali. Utvrđeno je da liječnici rijetko preporučuju pacijentima sa bubrežnim tegobama dodatke prehrani, dok većina ispitanih magistara farmacije to redovno čini. Magistri farmacije su izjavili da polovina pacijenata sa bubrežnim tegobama sami traže dodatke prehrani. Zaključak: Kod bolesti bubrega izuzetno je važno uspostaviti pravilan balans unosa vode, minerala i proteina. Pravilan odabir dodataka prehrani može pomoći u liječenju bolesti. Neophodno je neprekidna edukacija zdravstvenih radnika o mogućnostima dijetotrapije, pravilne prehrane i upotrebe dodataka prehrani u tretmanu bubrežnih bolesti.Introduction: The most common renal diseases are acute or chronic nephritis, renal interstitial inflammation, nephrotic syndrome, kidney stones, kidney degenerative diseaseare and renal tumors. In addition to the general principles of proper nutrition in kidney disease it is necessary to take into account the intake of minerals, proteins and water. Restrictive diets need to be individually tailored to each patient and carried out by medical supervision. Today on the market there can be found nutritional supplements for patients who are suffering from kidney disease Aim and Methodology: The objective was to collect, systematize and analyze the available literature data and recommendations on diet and nutrition guides in kidney disease, and to determine which supplements are available in pharmacies and are intended for patients suffering from kidney disease. On the basis of available scientific and technical resources are diet and nutrition guides in kidney disease described. To collect data about dietary supplements that can be found in pharmacies, a questionnare was conducted amoug pharmacists. Questionnaire consisted of 6 questions relating to food supplements in glomerular inflammation (glomerulonephritis), inflammation of the kidneys (pyelonephritis) and kidney stones. The study included eight pharmacies in the area of Tuzla. Results: Diet in kidney stones depends on the type of stone that is created. Common recommendations for all types is to take in more liquids. Diet in glomerular inflammation and kidney inflammation involves avoiding foods with high content of protein, potassium, sodium and phosphorus and increase of calcium intake. From herbal remedies for inflammation cranberry fruit tea, reserves and horsetail (naći nazive na latinskom). Nutritional supplements that may be used in kidney disease are found in different pharmaceutical forms in almost all pharmacies. In practice, the most common nutritional supplements that are prescribed or recommended in patients with kidney problems are plant preparations and rarely vitamins and minerals. It was determined that doctors rarely recommend dietary supplements for patients with kidney problems, while most of pharmacists surveyed do. Pharmacists have stated that half of the patients with kidney difficulties seek supplements themselves. Conclusion: In kidney diseases it is extremely important to establish the proper balance of water intake, minerals and proteins. The right choice of dietary supplements can help treat the disease. Continuous education of health workers on the possibilities of diet is necessary, proper nutrition and use of dietary supplements in the treatment of kidney disease