APPROACH TO PATIENTS WITH GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING

U razvijenim zemljama zapadnog svijeta unatoč akumulaciji znanja o uzrocima i načinu liječenja gastrointestinalnog krvarenja, iskustvu gastroenterologa endoskopičara, upotrebi sofi sticiranih endoskopskih uređaja, broj hospitalizacija i stopa smrtnosti nisu se očekivano smanjili. Moguća objašnjenja su starenje populacije, povećanje prevalencije gastroezofagealne refl usne bolesti, debljina, antibiotska rezistencija Helicobacter pylori, upotreba antiagregacijskih, antikoagulantnih lijekova te ekscesivno korištenje nesteroidnih antireumatika. Cilj ovog preglednog rada je prikazati incidenciju, defi nirati najčešće znakove i simptome krvarenja, pokazati inicijalnu kliničku evaluaciju, dijagnostičke metode, osnovne uzroke krvarenja i endoskopske metode zaustavljanja krvarenja te algoritme liječenja krvarenja iz gornjeg i donjeg gastrointestinalnog sustava. Koristeći baze podataka MEDLINE i Ovid tražili smo meta analize i sistemske preglede objavljene na engleskom jeziku u razdoblju od 2005.-2015. godine. Meta analize su uključivale rezultate randomiziranih, dvostruko slijepih istraživanja na odraslim bolesnicimaliječenima zbog gastrointestinalnog krvarenja. Uključene su smjernice Europskog i Američkog društva za gastroenterološku endoskopiju kao i recentni radovi stručnjaka. Donosimo najaktualnije spoznaje o krvarenju iz gastrointestinalnog sustava, novu podjelu na krvarenja iz gornjeg, srednjeg i donjeg dijela gastrointestinalnog trakta, kontroverze o plasmanu nazogastrične sonde, upotrebi prokinetika i inhibitora protonske pumpe u akutnim krvarenjima iz gornjeg dijela gastrointestinalnog trakta, restriktivnoj transfuzijskoj strategiji, boljoj kliničkoj stratifi kaciji težine krvarenja, hospitalizaciji te kliničkom ishodu na osnovi upotrebe dijagnostičkih zbrojeva, gastroprotekciji u bolesnika s visokim rizikom nastanka peptičnih ulkusa, važnosti inicijalne ezofagogastroduodenoskopije u procjeni variksa u bolesnika s novootkrivenom cirozom jetre, primarnoj i sekundarnoj profi laksi varicealnog krvarenja, novim endoskopskim metodama hemostaze (Hemospray), radiološkom i kirurškom zaustavljanju krvarenja. Smatramo da bi edukativna narav ovog teksta mogla poslužiti kao temelj stvaranju hrvatskih smjernica za krvarenja iz gastrointestinalnog sustava.In the developed Western countries, despite the accumulation of knowledge about the causes and treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding, as well as the experience of gastroenterologists-endoscopists using sophisticated endoscopic devices, the number of hospitalizations and mortality rates has not declined as expected. The most likely explanations are the following: aging population, increased prevalence of alcoholic liver cirrhosis, gastroesophageal refl ux disease and obesity, Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance, using dual anti-aggregation therapy, anticoagulants, and excessive use of nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs. The aim of this paper is to show the incidence and the most common signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal bleeding. The aim is also to present initial clinical evaluation, diagnostic methods, the main causes of gastrointestinal bleeding, endoscopic hemostatic modalities and treatment of bleeding from the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Using the MEDLINE and Ovid databases, we searched the meta-analyses and systematic reviews published in English during the 2005-2015 period. Meta-analyses included results of randomized, double-blind studies on adults treated for gastrointestinal bleeding. Included were guidelines of the European and American Society of Gastroenterological Endoscopy, as well as recent expert work. In this review, we bring the state-of-the-art on gastrointestinal bleeding, new classifi cation of gastrointestinal bleeding from the upper, mid and lower gut, controversy of nasogastric tube placement, use of prokinetic agents and inhibitor proton pumps in acute gastrointestinal bleeding from the upper tract, restrictive transfusion strategy, useful clinical stratifi cation of the severity of bleeding, indications for hospitalization and outcome of using the clinical bleeding score, proper use of gastroprotection in patients at a high risk of peptic ulcer, the need of initial endoscopy, variceal assessment in newly diagnosed liver cirrhosis, primary and secondary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding, new endoscopic hemostatic modality, and radiological and surgical treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding. The educational nature of this review could serve for establishing Croatian guideline for the management of gastrointestinal bleeding