Administrative justice in the territory of The Former Yugoslavia

Sudska kontrola uprave posljedica je ostvarenja koncepcije diobe i međusobnog ograničenja triju vlasti u državi. Ona je i izraz težnje za ostvarenjem načela zakonitosti uprave i vladavine prava. Upravno sudstvo na području bivše Jugoslavije počelo se razvijati u drugoj polovici XIX. stoljeća. Razlikovalo se nekoliko pravnih režima i organizacijskih modela upravnog sudovanja, zbog ta dašnjeg državno-pravnog uređenja. Razvoj upravnog sudstva bio je prekinut samo između 1945. i 1952. Nakon osamostaljenja novih država na području bivše Jugoslavije početkom 1990-ih, sustavi sudske kontrole uprave razvijaju se na trojakom temelju: naslijeđena tradicija, utjecaj načela i standarda europskog upravnog prava te određene specifičnosti svake pojedine zemlje. Razvoj se odvija između jugoslavenske tradicije i europske modernizacije. Ide se prema široj i potpunijoj sudskoj zaštiti prava građana i prema strožoj kontroli uprave. Glavni su izazovi: osnivanje posebnih upravnih sudova, usmena kontradiktorna rasprava, uvođenje drugog stupnja upravnog sudovanja, preopterećenost upravnih sudova, odnos upravnog sudstva i zaštite ustavnih prava građana pred ustavnim sudovima, potrebno unapređenje obrazovanja sudaca, itd.Judicial control over public administration has sprung from the concept of division of powers and from the system of checks and balances. It also represents the wish to enforce the principles of legality and the rule of law. In the territories that were later part of Yugoslavia, administrative justice began to develop in the second half of the 19th century. There existed different legal regulation and organisational solutions of administrative justice due to the then state and constitutional arrangements. The development of administrative justice system was interrupted only between 1945 and 1952. After the new states were created in the former Yugoslav territory at the beginning of the 1990s, judicial control of public administration has been developing on three bases: common tradition, the influence of the principles and standards of European administrative law, and particularities of individual countries. The development has been fluctuating between Yugoslav tradition and European modernisation. It is oriented towards a wider and more comprehensive court protection of citizens’ rights and towards stricter judicial control of public administration. The main challenges are: establishment of administrative court(s); introduction of oral contradictory hearing; introduction of second instance of administrative justice system; work overload in administrative courts; relation between administrative justice system and the protection of citizens’ constitutional rights in the constitutional courts; necessary improvements in administrative education of judges; etc