AWAITING THE 250TH ANNIVERSARY OF ORGANIZED FORESTRY IN CROATIA

Čovjek je već davno shvatio što šuma znači u njegovom životu, pa je zaključio da ju treba štititi od prekomjernih sječa, bolesti i štetnika te obnavljati nakon kataklizmi (požara, vjetroloma i sl.). U svijetu je, pa i kod nas još prije nekoliko stoljeća, u pojedinim područjima bilo propisano kako se treba odnositi prema šumi. To se posebno odnosi na naše priobalno područje najizloženije tražnji za drvom, ispaši, požarima, vjetrovima i sl. Tako možemo spomenuti Statute gradova koji su propisivali kako se treba odnositi prema šumi te branili prekomjernu sječu i izvoz drva: otoka Korčule 1214. i 1265. g., Dubrovnika 1272. g., Zadra 1305. g., Splita 1312. g., Trogira 1322. g., otoka Krka 1388. g. i dr. Austrija u Istri 1553. g. organizira posebnu upravu šuma, a Colberov Zakon o šumama iz 1669. g. primjenjivan je i na Ilirske provincije. No sve je to bilo nesinhronizirano i ograničeno na lokalne površine šuma. Organizirano šumarstvo nastupa 1765. godine objavljivanjem definitivnog šumskog reda, pisanog na temelju privremenog šumskog reda, kojega je 1764. g. za šume karlovačkog generalata pripremio barun pl. Beck. naime, Austrija je nakon Karlovačkog mira 1699. godine, 1702. godine proširila Vojnu krajinu na Slavoniju, a 1746. godine reorganizirala Vojnu krajinu sastavljenu od 11 pukovnija (ličku, otočku, ogulinsku, slunjsku, I. Bansku, II. Bansku, brodsku, gradišku, križevačku, bjelovarsku i petrovaradinsku). U tim pukovnijama ustrojena je vojnička šumarska služba, jer je gotovo 40 % površine Vojne krajine bilo pod šumom, i to različitih vrsta drveća. Spomenuti definitivni šumski red napisan je u 34 točke s podrobnim odredbama o sječi šuma, izvozu i trgovini, a na temelju njega šumar (Waldmeister) Franzoni sastavlja instrukciju za šumsko osoblje. Franzoniju je vojnička komanda sa sjedištem u Karlovcu povjerila šumski nadzor. Iste godine osnivaju se i prve šumarije u Hrvatskoj: u Oštarijama za šume ličke pukovnije, u Krasnu za šume otočke i dijela ogulinske pukovnije i Petrovagora za šume slunjske i preostale ogulinske pukovnije (u isto se vrijeme osnivaju i prve šumarije u Europi). Za ove tri pukovnije tijekom 1764. i 1765. godine major pl. Pirker je sa svojim časnicima obavio terenske radove oko opisa i nacrta, na temelju kojih je izvršeno prvo razdjeljenje šuma na okružja, šumarije i čuvarije. Karte su izrađene u mjerilu 1 : 3880 "fortifikations hvati". Kraljevski zem. šumski nadzornik Bogoslav Kosović je na temelju podataka i nacrta c. k. Ratnog arhiva iz Beča o ovome pisao u Šumarskom listi 1914. i 1915. godine u člancima "Prvi šumarski stručni opis i nacrt šuma na Velebitu, Velikoj Kapeli od dalmatinske medje do Mrkoplja i Ogulina". Svakako, prema Programu rada Hrvatskoga šumarskog društva za 2015. godinu, cijela nadolazeća godina obilovat će aktivnostima vezanim uz ovu značajnu obljetnicu hrvatskog šumarstva. Uz Hrvatsko šumarsko durštvo obilježavanju ove obljetnice pridružuje se resorno Ministarstvo, Hrvatske šume d.o.o., Akademija šumarskih znanosti, Šumarski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Hrvatski šumarski institut, Hrvatska komora ovlašenih inženjera šumarstva i drvne tehnologije, Hrvatski savez udruga privatnih šumovlasnika i zagrebački Gradski ured za poljoprivredu i šumarstvo. Ovo je prilika da šume i šumarstvo "izađu iz sjene" i treba je iskoristiti, pa pozivamo sve šumarske stručnjake da daju svoj obol obilježavanju ove značajne obljetnice hrvatskoga šumarstva. Kasneći iz objektivnih razloga s tiskanjem Šumarskoga lista br. 11–12/2014., iznimno u ovome broju, čitateljima našeg znanstveno-stručnog i staleškog glasila želimo Čestit Božić i uspješnu nadolazeću 2015. godinu. UredništvoMan became keenly aware of the importance of forests for his life long ago: hence his determination to protect it against excessive felling, diseases and pests and regenerate it after cataclysms (fires, windbreaks and similar). Both in the world and in our country the treatment of forests was regulated several centuries ago. This refers particularly to our coastal region, where the need for timber and pastureland, as well as the occurrence of fires, winds and similar were felt most acutely. The Statutes of the towns regulating the management of forests and banning excessive harvesting and timber export include the island of Korčula (1245 and 1265), Dubrovnik (1272), Zadar (1305), Split (1312), Trogir (1322), the island of Krk (1388) and others. Austria founded a special forest administration in Istria in 1553, while Colbert’s Forest Ordinance of 1669 was applied to the Illyrian provinces as well. Yet, all these activities were unsynchronized and limited to local forested areas. Organized forestry took root in 1765 with the publication of a definitive forest order, written on the basis of a temporary forest order, which was prepared by Baron Beck for the forests of the Karlovac Generalate in 1764. Namely, after the Karlovac Peace Treaty of 1699, Austria expanded the Military Border area to Slavonia, and in 1746 it reorganized the Military Border by dividing it into 11 regiments (the regiments of Lika, Otočec, Ogulin, Slunj, 1st Banska, 2nd Banska, Brod, Gradiška, Križevci, Bjelovar and Petrovaradin). A military forestry service was established in these regiments, since almost 40% of the Military Border area was covered by forests composed of different tree species. The above mentioned definitive forest order contained 34 articles with detailed regulations on felling of forests, export and trade. Waldmeister Franzoni used it to write instructions for forest personnel. The military command stationed in Karlovac entrusted Franzoni with the surveillance of forests. That same year saw the establishment of first forest offices in Croatia: in Oštarije for the forests of the Lika regiments, in Krasno for the forests of the Otočec and a part of the Ogulin regiments, and Petrova gora for the forests of the Slunj and the remaining Ogulin regiments (the first forest offices were also established in Europe at the same time). In the course of 1764 and 1765, Major Pirker and his officers carried out field work for these three regiments. Work included the descriptions and maps, which were used to perform the first division of forests into districts, forestry offices and guarded forests. The maps were made at a scale 1 : 3888 of "fortification fathoms". The Royal forest supervisor Bogoslav Kosović used the data and the relevant maps contained in the War Archive from Vienna to write about this issue in the Forest Journal in 1914 and 1915. The article dealing with this topic was entitled "The first forestry specialist description and map of the forests on Velebit, Velika Kapela from the Dalmatian border to Mrkopalj and Ogulin". According to the Working Programme of the Croatian Forestry Association for the year 2015, the whole upcoming year will abound with the activities related to this important anniversary of Croatian forestry. In addition to the Croatian Forestry Association, this anniversary will also be marked by the competent Ministry, the company Croatian Forests Ltd, the Academy of Forest Sciences, the Faculty of Forestry of the University of Zagreb, the Croatian Forest Research Institute, the Croatian Chamber of Forestry and Wood Technology Engineers, the Croatian Union of Private Forest Owners’ Association and the Zagreb City Office for Agriculture and Forestry. This is an opportunity not to be missed for forests and forestry to "come out of the shadow". With this in view, we invite all forestry experts to contribute to the celebration of this important anniversary of Croatian forestry. In the end, due to the delayed publication of Forestry Journal 11–12/2014 out of objective reasons, we would like to take this opportunity to wish all the readers of our scientific-specialist and professional journal Merry Christmas and a Successful Year 2015. Editorial Boar