Political Liberties and Political Tolerance (Concepts and Research)

U ovom radu prikazane su dvije etape konceptualizacije i istraživanja političke tolerancije. Prvu etapu čine istraživanja Stouffera (1995.), Prohtro i Gigga i drugih, dok se istraživanja J. Sullivana (1979) i njegovih suradnika mogu odrediti kao ona koja predstavljaju drugu etapu konceptualizacije i istraživanja veoma kompleksnog fenomena političke tolerancije. Sullivan je sa suradnicima u odnosu na ranija istraživanja uspostavio "sadržajnu kontrolu" tolerancije, tako što je precizno razlikovao politički stav prema općenito nepopularnim grupama u društvu od same tolerancije ili spremnosti da se trpe one grupe i njihove ideje s kojima se pojedinci inače ne slažu. Smatramo, međutim, da ni to nije dostatno određenje političke tolerancije. Stoga toleranciju definiramo kao spremnost da se trpe određene grupe, s kojima se pojedinci inače ne slažu, u skladu s korpusom univerzalnih političkih sloboda (tj. općih normi demokracije), ali do određene granice. Tolerancija može ići do određne granice zato što političke slobode nisu apsoluti, već su omeđene drugim relevantnim vrijednostima društva. Tako se usložava i metodologija istraživanja ove veoma komplesksne pojave.Two stages in the conceptualization and the research regarding political tolerance are dealt with in this paper. The first consists of the studies of Stouffer (1955), Prothro and Grigg, as well as others , while those of J. Sullivan (1979) and his collaborators can be considered to represent the second stage of the conceptualization and research into the very complex phenomenom of political tolerance. In relation to earlier research Sullivan and his collaborators have established a "contentual control" of tolerance by precisely distinguishing the political attitude towards generally unpopular groups in society from tolerance itself or from the readiness to put up with these groups in society in tolerance itself or from the readiness to put up with these groups and their ideas with which individuall otherwise do not agree. We believe however that this does not sufficiently define political tolerance. We therefore define tolerance as the readiness to put up with certain groups with which individuals do not otherwise agree - in correspondence with the ensemble of universal political liberties (i.e. the general norms of democracy) - but only up to certain limits. Tolerance can reach certain limits because political liberties are not absolute values but are restricted by other relevant values of society. This complicates also the methodology of the study of this very complex phenomenon