KANT: MORALITY AND THE RIGHT TO RESISTANCE

Čitava Kantova filozofija premašila je vlastite (humeovske) zarade racionalnog empirizma, dakle relativizma. Na planu morala taj relativizam je osobito nepoželjan, otud filozofija a priori pojmova; pravo kao minimum morala bio bi negiran političkim (vrijednosnim) relativizmom, zato Kant nema politike osim prava, i to onoga privatno-pravnog, rimskog, koje on proglašava prirodnim (kao apsolutno racionalno). Rimski privatno-pravni principi su aksiomatska osnova nad kojom se diže zgrada dedukcijskih teorema političkog rezoniranja. Ubi ius ibi remedium temeljno je načelo koje služi negaciji i ograničenju prava - pa i onoga prava na pobunu - koja bi bila politička nad-"prava". U vijeku prosvijećenog apsolutizma, kao shematske izvedenice filozofije racionalizma, vlast je prestajala biti difuznom; njezini su nosioci postali suviše određeni da čitav sustav ne bi bio jasna, a time i ranjiva meta. A za Kanta (kao i Hobbesa) anarhija je najgori oblik tiranije. Dok Montesquieu i Rousseau prije u difuziji vlasti traže spas od tiranije, a Raynal i Mably pravo otpora ugnjetavanju vide ne samo kao ultimatum remedium nego kao dužnost građanina - Kant davno prije Francuske revolucije i Burkea smatra da je neprihvatljivo ne samo pravo otpora ugnjetavanju nego i revolucija koju bi izveo legalni suveren.Kant\u27s philosophy in its entirety outgrew its Humeistic heritage of rational empirism i.e. relativism. This relativism is particularly unwelcome in the realm of morality, hence his philosophy of a priori concepts. Since law, as the minimum of morality, would be invalidated by the political (value) relativism, Kant has no politics apart from law - specifically civil, Roman law - which he declares natural (and absolutely rational). Roman private legal principles are the axiomatic foundations on which a structure of deductional theorems of political reasoning is erected. Ubi ius ibi remedium is the central principle which serves to deny and circumvent rights - including the right to revolt - which would make up a set of political supra "rights". In the age of enlightened absolutism - a schematic derivative of the philosophy of rationalism - government ceased to be diffuse. Its bearers became too unequivocal and the whole system turned into a highly visible and assailable target. For Kant (as well as for Hobbes), anarchy is the worst form of tyranny. While Montesquieu and Rousseau sought refuge from tyranny in the diffusion of power, and Raynal and Mably claimed that the right to resist oppression is not only the ultimate remedium but a civil duty, Kant (long before the French revolution and Burke) considers as unpermissible not only the right to resist oppression but was also against revolutions instigated by legitimate sovereigns