Variation within the Krapina Frontal Sample and a Descriptive Note on the Newly Associated Frontal Specimen, Kr 27–28

The Hrvatsko Zagorje region of Croatia has yielded numerous, important Paleolithic finds. Most prominent among these are the Neandertal fossils from Krapina Rockshelter. These fossils have proven to be a rich source of data for testing hypotheses about Neandertal evolution, adaptation, and behavior. This study reports on an analysis of sex-related sample bias within the Krapina frontal sample as well as individual sex identifications for select Krapina frontal specimens. Krapina samples for two supraorbital variables exhibit a probable overrepresentation of females, while a much smaller sample for a third supraorbital variable exhibits a probable overrepresentation of males. Following from the analysis of sex-related sample bias, probability-based sex estimation were possible for nine of the Krapina frontals. This paper also describes a newly associated frontal bone from level 4, Kr 27–28. This specimen comprises the central squama, frontal sinus, and right supraorbital portions of the frontal bone. The specimen is adult and likely male