Odnos čovjeka i okoliša na višegraničju: torčanska Podravina tijekom druge polovice 18. stoljeća

The paper was based on a land survey of the village of Torčec (a village in northwestern Croatia) made between 1775 and 1780 and preserved in Croatian National Archives (in Zagreb) as well as on other numerous sources. The document provides detailed information on all inhabitants of Torčec, including their old names and a detailed description of their landed property. Based on these facts a land possession and land cultivation analysis was produced, using quantitative methods. The terminology used in describing the parcelling of land was also examined. Torčec was at the time inhabited by freed serfs, freeman. Their status of freeman was a consequence of their colonization. Landlords and large estate owners offered and provided freedom to serfs in order to populate empty lands and to attract new labour. These ex-serfs from Slavonnia and other parts of Croatia in majority declined to move and work without personal freedom. Besides, for landlords the ever present danger was that serfs could easily flee to Military Border and join the Military Border as frontier guards. In order to precisely determine the land territory of Torčec in 1778, there had been a feudal regulation, ordered by the Queen Maria Theresa on 24 September 1773. By the regulation the borders of the main arable lands of the region were delineated and increased in length. This increased the number of plowlands, meadows and homesteads. More intensified processing of land, and increase of arable lands, helped a spatial expansion of Torčec. During 18th century Torčec expanded and number with the Triplex Confinium area as a case study. It was situated on Koprivnica (one of four main fortresses of the Slavonnian Military Border) and it was part of the 3Drnje County District and Drnje Parish (two kilometres from Torčec). It belonged at times to the Military Border and at other times to Civil Croatia. This analysis could also denote a beginning of eco-historical research in the Podravina (Drava Region).Članak se temelji na istraživanju okoliša sela Torčeca u današnjoj sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj, i to na dokumentaciji koja se čuva u Hrvatskom državnom arhivu u Zagrebu, a nastala je između 1775. i 1780. godine. U Torčecu su živjeli slobodnjaci. Njihov postanak je vezan uz naseljavanje. U težnji da u pusta sela svojih posjeda privuku nove seljake feudalci su im nudili i davali slobodnjačke povlastice. Ti preseljenici iz Slavonije ili iz drugih dijelova Hrvatske u većini se slučajeva nisu htjeli naseliti kao kmetovi, a uvijek je postojala mogućnost da prebjegnu u Vojnu krajinu i ondje postanu krajišnici. Položaj slobodnjaka se po pojedinim naseljima neznatno razlikovao. Da bi se precizno odredio teritorij zemljišta Torčeca 1778. godine provedena je urbarijalna regulacija koja je počela nalogom kraljice Marije Terezije od 24. rujna 1773. godine. Regulacijom su definirane i povećane osnovne poljoprivredne površine. Tako je povećan broj oranica, livada i okućnica. U 18. stoljeću je došlo i do porasta broja stanovnika Torčeca. Selo je bilo u sastavu župe Drnje čije sjedište je udaljeno od Torčeca oko dva kilometra. Karakteristika položaja Torčeca je što se selo smjestilo na tromeđi područja Vojne krajine, Križevačke županije i ugarskih županija (Zaladske i Šomođske). Tijekom druge polovice 18. stoljeća Torčec se nalazio u sastavu Križevačke županije, a spadao je pod vlastelinstvo Kuzminec. Granica mađarske protezala se uz stari tok rijeke Drave (kuda je tekla riječna matica do 1710. godine), udaljenim od Torčeca oko jedan kilometar prema sjeveru. Vojna krajina je zaokruživala prostor Torčeca na istoku i jugu nadovezujući se na granicu Ugarske. Ova kratka analiza predstavlja prilog početku ekohistorijskih istraživanja podravske regije