In this thesis, we study test statistics of the form : (H0) : E [U | X] = 0 p.s. contre (H1) : P {E [U | X] = 0} < 1 where U is the residual of some Y modeling with respect to covariates X. In this setup and for several particular cases – significance, quantile regression, functional data, single-index model –, we introduce test statistics that have pivotal asymptotic critical values. For each case, we also give a suitable bootstrap procedure for small samples. We prove the consistency against local – or Pitman – alternatives for the proposed test statistics, when such an alternative does not get close to the null hypothesis too fast. Simulation studies are used to check the effectiveness of the theoretical results in applications.Dans cette ...