Darwinism in Croatia between science and ideology

U članku se analizom različitih dokumenata, knjiga, članaka, rasprava i polemika pokušava prikazati kronologija sukoba između liberalnih darvinista i konzervativnih kreacionista u Hrvatskoj od pojave darvinizma do danas i pritom utvrditi elemente ideologizacije na objema stranama. Pokazuje se kako su neki liberalni ateisti ili materijalistički monisti koristili Darwinove teorije u napadima na religiju i tako ideologizirali znanost. S druge strane, pokazuje se kako su neki teološki obrazovani anti-darvinisti idelogizirali kršćansku religiju braneći biblijski literalizam, fksizam, filozofiju esencijalizma i tradicionalnu sliku svijeta, a ta se stajališta, pridružena vjeri, u članku označuju kao ideologizacija religije jer je riječ o elementima tradicionalnog načina vjerovanja. Kao dokaz tomu ističe se činjenica da se nakon pojave Darwinovih teorija (1859), ubrzo i u Hrvatskoj, pojavio veći broj teističkih evolucionista iz redova katoličkog klera i laika koji su više ili manje napustili spomenuti oblik vjerovanja u Božje stvaranje. Recepcija darvinizma u Hrvatskoj prati se od 1860-ih godina do danas, u tri etape i nakon analize niza podataka zaključuje: a) u prvoj etapi (1859-1869) ima samo naznaka ideoloških razilaženja između pristaša Darwinovih teorija i njihovih protivnika (vrijeme latentne prisutnosti darvinizma u Hrvatskoj); b) u drugoj etapi (1869-1900) darvinizam je prisutan kao radna hipoteza hrvatskih znanstvenika, u vezi s njime izlaze predavanja, knjige, rasprave, novinski, znanstveni i stručni članci, vode polemike i sl.; utvrđuje se da osim biblijskih literalista, koji odbacuju evoluciju, postoji i znatan broj teističkih evolucionista, da hrvatski prirodoslovci nisu u znatnijoj mjeri podlegli izazovima ideologizacije Darwinovih teorija, a da su u znanosti postignuti veliki rezultati osobito u području paleontologije mekušaca, gmazova i u paleoantropologiji; c) u trećoj etapi, prema ovoj periodizaciji (nakon 1900.), opaža se nastavak neideologiziranog pristupa u većine znanstvenika, ali zbog instrumentalizacije darvinizma u ideološke svrhe, posebno u promidžbi ateizma pri širenju ideje komunizma, kroz cijelo 20. st. nema teističkih evolucionista, sve do 60-ih godina kad se svojim radovima o flozofskim i teološkim pitanjima vezanim uz hominizaciju i teoriju selekcije pojavljuje flozof i teolog Vjekoslav Bajsić (1924-1994). Opći je zaključak da se ni u Hrvatskoj ne može govoriti o sukobu između znanosti i (kršćanske) religije, nego o sukobima između ideologiziranih kršćana koji su tradicionalne oblike vjerovanja izjednačili s kršćanskom vjerom i ideologiziranih darvinista koji su teoriju evolucije upotrijebili u propagandi svojih ideologija, posebno komunizma, materijalizma i ateizma.Te article talks about ideological moments in the history of reception and introduction of Darwinism in Croatia. It analytically presents the chronology of the struggle between liberal Darwinists and conservative creationists, thus finding elements of ideologization on both sides. Te reception of Darwinism is being followed in written records showing how some liberal atheists or materialistic monists had used Darwin’s theories to attack religion, thus ideologizing science. On the other hand, it shows how some theologically educated anti-Darwinists had ideologized Christian religion by defending Biblical literalism, fixism, the philosophy of essentialism and the traditional picture of the world and those views, which were added to faith as being conservative beliefs, are in the article marked as the ideologization of the Christian faith. Te fact of the matter is that after Darwin’s theories appeared (1859) and soon after in Croatia too, a greater number of theistic evolutionists, amongst the Catholic clergy and laics who more or less abandoned some traditional frame of belief on God’s creation appeared which was seen as a non-ideologizied approach to faith. The reception of Darwinism in Croatia is followed from the 1860s through to the present in three significant stages: a) in the first stage (1859-1869) there are only signs of ideological disaccord between the supporters of Darwin’s theories and his opponents in the question of man’s place in nature (the time of Darwin’s latent presence in Croatia), b) in the second stage (1869-1900), Darwinism is present as a working hypothesis amongst Croatian scientists. Besides biblical literalists who reject evolution, there are also but a few theistic evolutionists. Croatian natural scientists didn’t significantly fall for the challenges of the ideologization of Darwinian theories and within science great results were achieved, especially in the area of the paleonthology of molluscs, reptiles and also in paleoanthropology, c) in the third stage (1900-1980-ies), according to this periodization, there is a continuation of a non-ideologized approach amongst the majority of scientists, however, because of the instrumentalization of Darwinism for ideological purposes, especially in promoting atheism with the spreading of the idea of communism, throughout the entire 20th century there were no theistic evolutionists until the 1960s when a philosopher and theologian Vjekoslav Bajsić (1924 – 1994) appeared with his very important studies on philosophical and theological questions connected to hominization and the theory of natural selection. Te general conclusion is that there can be no talk about confict between science and (Christian) religion in Croatia, but about the confict between ideologized Christians who equated traditional forms of belief with the Christi who used the theory of evolution for their Communism, materialism and atheism