ANTIQUE FACILITIES IN DOBRIKA COVE ON THE ISLAND OF VELIKI BRIJUN

SAŽETAK ANTIČKI OBJEKTI U UVALI DOBRIKA NA OTOKU VELIKI BRIJUN Anton VITASOVIĆ Obim antičkih vila u uvali Dobrika i materijalni nalazi otkriveni u istraživanju od 1976. - 1984. godine snagom argumenata mijenjaju sliku o antičkim Brijunima. Veličina, sadržaji i raskoš ladanjskog dvorca na tri terase u uvali Verige već stotinu godina plijene poglede gostiju i posjetitelja i tek u drugoj dekadi prošlog stoljeća u vili rustici u uvali Dobrika dobivaju nijemog pratitelja. Njenim oživljavanjem dolazimo do najstarije rimske vile na Brijunima koju materijalni nalazi i društvene prilike datiraju u drugu polovicu II. st. pr. Kr. do prve četvrtine I. st. pr. Kr., odnosno od godine 129. do 79. pr. Kr. Iako objekt nije u potpunosti istražen, materijalni ostaci i nalazi osim datacije pokazuju raznolika djelovanja i potrebe vlasnika. Životne potrebe korisnika vile određuju privredni resursi (plodna zemlja, životinjski svijet i more) koji diktiraju razvoj zemljoradnje, stočarstva i ribarstva. Ta antička enklava, organizirana za brijunske prilike srazmjerno daleko od nekadašnjih gradinskih naselja, živi do građanskog rata između Antonija i Oktavijana kada je u nemirnim prilikama razorena. U prvoj polovici I. st. n. Kr. iznad ove vile i izvan nje prema istoku i sjeveru gradi se velika rimska vila dimenzija 51 x 58,70 m. Sadržaji vile smješteni su iza tri trakta peristila koji obavija središnje dvorište dok četvrti pravac prema moru zatvara kolonada koja na visini visokog prizemlja spaja zapadnu fasadu objekta. Već je iz navedenog vidljivo da zapadnu fasadu čini s obje strane arhitektura visoke prizemnice s kosinama krovišta na dvije vode. Unutrašnje kosine krovišta u visini okapnice povezuje niz arhitravnih greda koje nose stupovi s baznom osnovom u visini početka arhitekture visokog prizemlja. Krajnja vizura iza zapadne fasade završava katnim sadržajima koje čini izdignuće prostora postrojenja i prostora iznad podruma i staje. Raspored prostorija i sadržaja pokazuje da se uveliko poštuju i koriste savjeti Vitruvija, podrumski prostori su na sjevernoj strani, staja i stambeni prostori na južnoj strani, te odnosi veličina, komunikacije i druge preporuke. Svi ti elementi iskorišteni su za izgradnju središnjeg gospodarskog objekta u kojemu dominiraju prostori postrojenja za preradu grožđa, vrenje mošta i podrumski prostori. Dva objekta uz središnji i nekoliko objekata i sadržaja pokazuju na daleko složenije gospodarstvo od ranije prikazanog. Naime, manji izdvojeni objekt s većim stambenim prostorom, ognjištem i malom kupaonicom ukazuje na prostor u kojemu obitava najamna ili robovska radna snaga koja je, po svemu sudeći, radila u obližnjem kamenolomu (sl. 7 2). Drugi objekt (sl. 7 3 i sl. 9) u neposrednoj blizini još je interesantniji, ne zbog veličine i fino obrađenih arhitektonskih elemenata, već zbog još jednog postrojenja za preradu grožđa. Ovo dodatno postrojenje s prostorom za vrenje mošta remeti antička saznanja, jer nepobitnih 18 m dijeli dva identična - isto funkcionalna postrojenja jedan od drugoga. Arhitektonski ostaci nešto kompliciranijeg postrojenja na kojemu radi veći broj izvršitelja i nepostojanje ostalih sadržaja vile rustike svjedoče o sestrinskom objektu. Vrijeme prerade i vrenja mošta prati proces prerade u središnjem objektu, odnosno vremenski uvjeti i tempo berbe grožđa. U stvari, u organiziranoj proizvodnji vina najčešće je usko grlo prostor za vrenje mošta. Iz priloženog je vidljivo da je vlasnik vile rustike u uvali Dobrika na Brijunima podcijenio prinose osnovnih i novih nasada, što potvrđuje neodgovarajući kapacitet prostora za vrenje mošta u odnosu na mogućnosti podrumskih prostora od kojih je najveće moglo uskladištiti 55.172 litre vina u poluukopanim dolijama i još toliko u nadzemnim recipijentima. Očito je da je kapacitet prostora za vrenje došao u disproporciju s količinom i tijekom proizvodnje, te je iz tog razloga vlasnik morao izgraditi novi objekt s dodatnim postrojenjem da bi zatvorio proces branja i prerade grožđa. Centralno grijanje, veliki stambeni prostori, kupaonica, brojni podrumski prostori i velika staja svjedoče o sposobnom poduzetniku koji u vrijeme Augustova mira uz osnovnu proizvodnju vina, valorizira prirodne resurse vađenjem i prodajom kamena u 1 km dugačkom kamenolomu, proizvodnju i berbu soli i gradnju manjih brodova. Sve ove djelatnosti odvijaju se unutar posjeda koji zajedno s otokom Madona (Gospin, Pusti) i Vrsar (Orzera - Medvjedica) (48 jugera) ima površinu od cca 788 jugera odnosno 198,5 hektara. Dogradnja prostora i postrojenja za preradu maslina unutar i izvan sjevernog trakta vile može se datirati u kraj II. ili početak III. stoljeća. Njega vezujemo za manje stabilne prilike u carstvu i Marka Aurelija Justa koji na žrtveniku uz zavjet božici Flori svojim imenom potvrđuje vlasništvo nad vilom i posjedom u uvali Dobrika na otoku Veliki Brijun. Odvojenost od kopna produljuje prosperitet posjeda te vlasnik imanja uzima u zakup keramičku radionicu u Fažani. Naime, poslije smrti posljednjeg potomka Gaja Lekanija Basa 78. g. radionica postaje carski posjed što potvrđuju dvostruko žigovanje. U početku, zbog neriješenih odnosa javlja se Lekanijeva i carska oznaka, zatim oznaka PAC i carska koje zamjenjuju žigovi zakupca, odnosno nestaju oznake carskog posjeda i javlja se žig Marka Aurelija Justa. Arhitektonska kompozicija raskošnog ladanjskog dvorca u uvali Verige svojim ritmom i sadržajima svjedoči o kombinaciji urbanih i ruralnih izražaja i puno jedno stoljeće nosi pečat rimskih društvenih i privrednih kretanja na otočju i šire. Jedan sasvim nepoznat objekt i prostor po istraživanju dokazao je da su antički Brijuni (Urssaria kasnije Pularia) bili vlasništvo sedam posjednika, a ne kao što smo dugo mislili i tvrdili vlasništvo vlasnika vile u uvali Verige. Imanje u uvali Dobrika moglo je zadovoljiti daleko veće potrebe od 42 porodice odnosno 148 osoba koje smo mi prema strogim kriterijima za djelovanje ovog imanja mogli uvrstiti. Kao i svako imanje, tako i sklop ovog imanja, ima razdoblja prosperiteta i stagnacije i to u burnom i dugom razdoblju od 129./79. pr. Kr. do 476. godine n. Kr. U odnosu na druge antičke objekte na Brijunima i šire, vila rustika i sestrinski objekti u jugoistočnom kutu lokaliteta Bizantinski kastrum (Sl. 26), iako ne pod dominacijom Rima, pokazuju intaktnost oblika i sadržaja i poslije završetka Bizantsko-gotskog rata 539. godine. Može se reći da se na prostoru vile rustike i unutar nje uz gradnje i prenamjene živi i djeluje od II. st. pr. Kr. do VIII. stoljeća, a neki prostori uz prekompoziciju, kao što je prostor vinskog podruma, do 1348. godine kada ovo područje napušta svećenstvo, a stanovništvo svoje obitavalište pronalazi i gradi na istočnoj obali otoka Veliki Brijun.SUMMARY ANTIQUE FACILITIES IN DOBRIKA COVE ON THE ISLAND OF VELIKI BRIJUN Anton VITASOVIĆ The power of argument deriving from the proportions of the antique villas in Dobrika Cove and the material finds recovered in the course of the research in the period between 1976 and 1984 changes the picture of antique Brijuni. The size, the content, and the luxury of the villa rustica built on three terraces in Verige Bay have been attracting the attention of guests and visitors for a hundred years. It was only in the second half of the last century that they acquired a silent companion, that is, the villa rustica in Dobrika cove, whose revival has brought to light the oldest Roman villa present on the islands of Brijuni. The material remains and social circumstances date the villa back to the period between the second half of the 2nd century BC and the first quarter of the 1st century BC, that is, to the period between 129 and 79 BC. Even though the facility has not been fully researched, the material remains and finds offer an insight not only into dating but also into the owners’ various activities and needs. The life necessities of the people who occupied the villa were determined by the economic resources (fertile land, animals and the sea) which dictated the development of agriculture, live stock breeding and fishery. This antique enclave, which is relatively distant from any hill forts, lived until the time of the civil war between Anthony and Octavian, when it was destroyed. In the first half of the 1st century AD, a big Roman villa, 51 meters x 58.7 meters in size, was built above, to the east and to the north of the abovementioned villa. The facilities are situated behind the three tracts of the peristyle that wind the courtyard, while the fourth, sea-oriented side, is closed by a colonnade. The colonnade connects to the western facade of the facility at the raised ground f loor height. The above mentioned is sufficient for the reader to conclude that the western facade is formed, on both sides, by a raised ground f loor building with a double-slope roof. The inside slopes of the roof construction, at the dripping edge level, are connected by a series of architraves posed on the pillars whose bases are situated at the bottom of the raised ground f loor. Behind the western façade are rooms constituted by an elevation of the area reserved for machinery as well as the space above the cellar and the stable. The arrangement of the rooms indicates great respect for Vitruvius’ advice - the cellar area is situated to the north, while the stables and the residential area are to the south; recommendations regarding the relations of the sizes, communication, and other recommendations were also implemented. All these elements were used in the construction of the central economic facility where the predominant position is assigned to the grape processing units, must fermentation facilities, and cellar areas. The presence of two facilities next to the central one, and of several other facilities, indicate that the estate was far more complex than was previously believed. Specifically, a smaller dislocated facility with a rather large residential area, a fireplace and a small bathroom, seems to have been the residence of wage labourers or slaves who, by all appearances, worked at the nearby quarry (fig. 7 2). The other facility (fig. 7 3 and fig. 9), situated in the immediate vicinity, is even more interesting, not so much for its size and finely worked architectural elements, but more for the presence of yet another grape processing unit. This additional unit, which includes a must fermentation area, steps out of the antique patterns due to the fact that there are two identical facilities designed for the same purpose that are situated at the distance of the incontestable 18 meters. The architectural remains of a somewhat more complex production facility, a working place of a large number of workers, as well as the absence of other functional areas typical of a villa rustica, testify to the presence of twin buildings. The timing of the must processing and fermentation was aligned with the processing that took place in the main facility, that is, with the weather conditions and the pace of the grape harvest. In fact, with the organized production of wine, the must fermentation area is the bottleneck of the production process. All the arguments speak in favour of the fact that the owner of the villa rustica in Dobrika Cove on the islands of Brijuni underestimated the yield of the main vines as well as new ones. This becomes clear when one considers the inadequate capacity of the must fermentation area in relation to the capacities of the cellar areas, which could have held 55,172 litres of wine in the semi-buried dolia, and as much in other recipients above ground. It is evident that, with time, the capacity of the must fermentation area became inadequate for the quantity and the course of the production. For that reason, the owner had to build a new facility with an additional processing unit in order to meet the grape harvesting and processing needs. Central heating, large residential spaces, a bathroom, numerous cellar areas and a big stable testify that the owner was a capable entrepreneur, who, at the time of Augustan peace, in addition to wine production as the main activity, he began to use other natural resources, namely, he extracted and sold stone from a one kilometre long quarry, as well as extracted and produced salt and constructed small ships. All those activities took place inside an estate which, alongside the islands of Madona (Gospin, Pusti) and Vrsar (Orzera - Medvjedica) (48 iugers), covers the surface of approximately 788 iugers, that is, 19,805 hectares. The annexes and facilities for processing olives built inside and outside the north tract of the villa can be dated to the period between the end of the 2nd century and the beginning of the 3rd century AD. This period is associated with less stable circumstances in the empire and with Marcus Aurelius Justus. His name is present on the altar alongside the votive inscription to goddess Flora, which confirms that he was the owner of the villa and the estate in Dobrika Cove on the island of Veliki Brijun. The distance from land prolonged the prosperity of the estate, and so the owner leased a ceramic workshop in Fažana. Namely, in the year 78 AD, after the last descendant of Caius Laecanius Bassus died, the workshop became an imperial property, which is attested by double stamping. At first both the Laecanii’s and the imperial stamps were present, because of the unresolved relationships. Later, only the PAC stamp and the imperial stamp appeared, and then they were substituted by the lease holders’ stamps, that is, the imperial property stamp disappeared and the stamp of Marcus Aurelius Justus appeared. The rhythm and the content of the architectural composition of the luxurious rustic villa in Verige Bay bear testimony to a combination of urban and rural architectural aspects. The villa bears a century long stamp of Roman social and economic trends present both on the Brijuni islands and in the broader area. The research into a completely unknown facility and area showed that the antique Brijuni (Ursaria, later Pularia) had had seven owners, and that it had not, as had been believed and argued for a long time, been the property of a sole owner, the one who owned the villa in Verige Bay. The estate situated in Dobrika Cove could have satisfied the needs far greater than those of 42 families, that is, of 148 people, as we previously speculated on the basis of strict criteria regarding the functioning of the estate. As is the case with all estates, this one too had its moments of prosperity and stagnation in the long and tumultuous period between the years 129/79 BC and the year 476 AD. When compared to other antique buildings present on the islands of Brijuni and beyond, the villa rustica with its twin buildings situated in the south-eastern corner of the Byzantine castrum locality (fig. 26), even though not under Roman dominance, show intactness of shape and use even in the period following the end of the Byzantine-Gothic war in the year 539 AD. It can be said that people lived and worked in the area of the villa rustica and the villa, reconstructing and converting them as necessary, from the 2nd century BC to the 8th century AD, and, in some areas that were reconstructed, such as the wine cellar area, even as far as the year 1348, when clergy left the area while the lay people started to build homes on the eastern coast of the island of Veliki Brijun