EMERGENCIES IN CANINE OBSTETRICS

Ovaj diplomski rad bavi se analizom hitnih stanja u porodništvu i andrologiji pasa. U uvodnom dijelu je opisana tematika rada te popis stanja koja će se opisati. Na to se nadovezuje kratak pregled anatomskih posebnosti reproduktivnog sustava kuja i muških pasa. Nakon anatomskih posebitosti slijedi opis izdvojenih hitnih stanja. Opisana su najčešća stanja s kojima se prosječan kliničar može susresti u maloj praksi te koja donose najveću životnu ugrozu i rizik od dugotrajnih posljedica. U opis svakog hitnog stanja ulazi generalni opis stanja, pogodovni faktori, simptomatologija, dijagnostika, diferencijalna dijagnostika, terapija i prevencija kada postoji mogućnost prevencije. Hitna stanja su podijeljena na stanja u kuja i mužjaka. Stanja u kuja mogu se podijeliti na ona u negravidnih, gravidnih i post-partum kuja, iako se određeni broj stanja javlja u više od jedne nabrojane kategorije opisana su sljedeća stanja u kuja: prolaps maternice, piometra, vaginalni prolaps i vaginalna hiperplazija, puerperalna eklampsija, postpartalna hipokalcemija, graviditetna hipoglikemija, graviditetna hiperglikemija, produljena gestacija, distocija, metritis, postporođajno krvarenje, retencija ploda ili posteljice, mastitis, torzija maternice i pobačaj. U hitnih stanja u mužjaka opisana su stanja koja pogađaju testise, penis i prostatu te su tako opisani: torzija testisa, fraktura zdjelice i os penis, parafimoza, akutni prostatitis i orhitis. Među glavnim uzrocima hitnih stanja u porodništvu i andrologiji spadaju pasminska predispozicija, nedostatak kastracije, jatrogeni uzroci i pogreške vlasnika (neadekvatna nastamba i higijena nakon porođaja, deficijentna ishrana tijekom graviditeta i post-partum te nepažnja koja vodi do traume). Uloga veterinara je da informira vlasnika o adekvatnoj prevenciji ovih stanja, promoviranju kastracije životinja koje nisu namijenjene uzgoju, kao i pravovremeno prepoznavanje tih stanja kada se pojave na temelju anamneze, kliničkih simptoma i adekvatnih dodatnih pretraga te primjeni adekvatnu terapiju za svako stanje. Svijest veterinara o pasminskim predispozicijama i jatrogenom faktoru uvelike može pomoći pri prevenciji nastanka ovih stanja.This thesis writes about emergencies in obstetrics and andrology. In the introductory part we have a description of the paper topic and a list of conditions that will be described. This is followed by a brief overview of the specific anatomical features of the reproductive system of bitches and male dogs which is then followed by a description of selected emergencies. The most common conditions which the average doctor of veterinary medicine may encounter working in small practice, and which pose the greatest threat to patient life and carry the risk of long-term consequences, are described. The description of each condition includes a general description of the condition, factors which contribute to a certain condition, symptomatology, diagnostics, differential diagnosis, therapy and prevention (when there is a possibility of prevention). Conditions are divided into conditions in bitches and male dogs. Conditions in bitches can be divided into those in non-pregnant, pregnant and post-partum bitches, although a number of conditions occur in more than one of these categories. Following conditions have been described in bitches: uterine prolapse, pyometra, vaginal prolapse and vaginal hyperplasia, puerperal eclampsia, postpartum hypocalcaemia, pregnancy hypoglycaemia, pregnancy hyperglycaemia, prolonged gestation, dystocia, metritis, post-partum haemorrhage, fetal or placental retention, mastitis, uterine torsion and abortion. In male dogs, conditions affecting the testicles, penis and prostate have been described: testicular torsion, pelvic and os penis fracture, paraphimosis, acute prostatitis and orchitis. Among the main causes of emergencies in obstetrics and andrology include breed predisposition, lack of castration, iatrogenic causes and owner errors (inadequate housing and post-partum hygiene, deficient nutrition during pregnancy and post-partum, and inattention leading to trauma). The role of the veterinarian is to inform the owner about adequate prevention of these conditions, promoting castration of animals not intended for breeding, as well as timely recognition of these conditions when they occur based on history, clinical symptoms and adequate additional tests and apply adequate therapy for each condition, and also to be awareof breed predispositions and iatrogenic factor in onset of these conditions