The effect of fluoride and iron content on the clinkering of Alite-ye’elimite-ferrite (AYF) cement systems

Abstract Alite–ye’elimite–ferrite (AYF) cement is a more sustainable alternative to Portland cement (PC) that may offer improved mechanical, rheological, and chemical performance. Using traditional raw materials and conventional clinker processing conditions, alite (C₃S) and ye’elimite (C₄A₃$), the major phases in PC and calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements, respectively, cannot be coproduced. The typical formation temperature in the kiln for alite is >1350°C, but ye’elimite normally breaks down above 1300°C. However, with careful composition control and in the presence of fluoride, alite can be mineralized and formed at lower temperatures, thus enabling the production of AYF clinkers in a single stage. In this study, the production of AYF cement clinkers with different chemical compositions is attempted at 1250°C. The sensitivity of the fluoride content is initially assessed with a fixed target clinker composition to determine the optimal requirements. The effect of altering the target ferrite (C₄AF) and alite (C₃S) contents is also assessed followed by the effect of altering the target C₄AF and C₄A₃$ contents. It is shown that AYF clinkers can be produced in a single stage through the careful control of the fluoride content in the mix; however, the formation/persistence of belite and mayenite could not be avoided under the conditions tested. It is also shown that ∼10 wt% ferrite in the target composition provides sufficient AYF clinker burnability and the amount of fluoride needs to be controlled to avoid stabilization of mayenite